Objectives:
- To share the expertise of distinguished IIT Bombay faculty members
- To create a forum amongst learners from different disciplines across the country
- To empower learners in the fields of engineering and science
- To help working professionals update their knowledge
- To raise the standard of engineering education in India
Electrical Engineering
- Communication
- What is communication?
- Why do we give negative frequency in fourier transform?
- I cant figure out how to compute the fourier transform of x(t) = summation
- Why do we calculate complex power v* conjugate of i?
- What is pwm technique?
- What is meant by aliasing and how it can be avoided?
- How colour model can be converted from one model to another? Could you plea test
- What is the role of array processor for image processing?
- What are the differences between Structural Patterns and Morphological Stru
- What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical rotational system?
- What is noise smoothing?
- How is visibility function useful?
- What is the application of LTI System?
- What is the Principal of a CCD camera to Capture and image?
- What is a pseudorandom noise?
- Suppose a binary source generates bits which are equally likely to be 0 or
- What are error control codes?
- Is it mandatory for both A and B to be abelian groups for A X B to be abeli
- Consider a binary symmetric channel (BSC) with crossover probability p. Su
- What is the probability that at least one error is observed in the received
- What is the probability that at most one error is observed in the received
- Prove that a subset H of a group G is a subgroup if it is non-empty, finite and closed under the group operation.
- Why is the common emitter configuration mostly used in amplifier?
- How the aliasing process is eliminated?
- Is a discrete time signal described by the input output relation y[n]= rnx[
- Prove that IF H and K are subgroup of a group G than so their intersection
- Let H and K be subgroup of a group G. Prove that H U K is a subgroup of G i
- In AM Wav DSB-SC if carrier wave has to be suppressed than why is it genera
- What is SSB-FM or compatible FM? Is it practically possible or not. 3
- Can BPSK be considered a kind of DSB-SC signal? 1
- It is approximately possible to generate an FM signal which has frequency
- Will you explain significance of minimum distance in block codes?
- Explain block and convolution interleaving for burst error correction
- Why viterbi algorithm is preferred in convolution codes?
- How to construct an instantaneous codes.
- What is meant by key bouncing?
- Why is the data bus bidirectional
- What do you mean by vectored interrupt
- What happens to the probability of error in M-ary FSK as the value of M-inc
- Under what circumstances M-ary signaling schemes are preferred over binary
- What is time-to-live or packet lifetime
- What is the purpose of Domain Name System
- How do we differentiate between analog, discrete, quantized and digital sig
- How can we identify one dimensional and two dimensional signals.
- What are the basic factors that affect ROC of z-transform.
- What is an IIR digital filter? How are IIR digital filter realized?
- What is the difference between the various kinds of MPEG video?
- Can video frames be compressed instead of objects?
- What are the parameters need to be considered to compare video codes?
- Where DFT is used? What is the difference between DFT and IDFT ?
- Explain how adaptive Huffman algorithm works ?
- What are the basic steps for designing face detection software ?
- Tell us about fundamental steps in images processing ?
- Sir, what is the different between digital images and binary images ?
- Explain the functioning of CCD line scan sensor and CCD area sensor
- Please, Explain about different coding method used in DIP
- Sir, what is the use of motion in segmentation ?
- What types of modulation schemes used in mobile communication
- How types of modulation schemes used in mobile communication Hamming codes
- What is vector and scalar quantization
- Can the Huffman method be applied to a two symbol alphabet?
- If the set of symbols have the Fibonacci probabilities, what is the height
- What is the difference between a passive and an active hub
- Please, explain the memory requirements of the Fast Fourier Transform.
- sir, Which digital modulation technique gives better error probability
- Why Armstrong method of FM is superior to reactance modulator
- In FM broadcasting what should be the maximum frequency deviation? How ban
- What factors affect the choice of intermediate frequency?
- How do you secure a wireless network?
- Sir, how Median filter is the best filter to remove salt and pepper noise i
- How the process of removing the psycho visual redundancy is a lossy techniq
- Why mixed adjacency is introduced to eliminate the ambiguities that often a
- What is false contouring? When does it happen in digital images?
- Differentiate between Point Processing and Mask Processing Techniques.
- What is IGS coding? How it is useful in data compression
- what are filtering in frequency domain.
- Basic of Transformation while compressing an Image
- what are the different operators used for segmentation of an image?
- What are the different topics in video, Image & Computer vision which one c
- What is image editing
- What is image registration
- What is image averaging and Image subtraction
- sir, how Brightness discrimination is poor at low levels of illuminations?
- Sir is it true that Quality of picture depends on the number of pixels and
- which is the best filter for digital image having salt pepper noise and med
- What are different types of redundancies that can be present in a digital i
- How one-dimensional FFT algorithms can be used to compute two dimensional D
- Sir, how Lossy compression of the image makes the image loose smooth inform
- How Image subtraction is used for scene matching and detection.
- What is ringing effect? How Butterworth filters remove the ringing effect?
- Explain the use of finding connectivity of pixels. Explain the methods to f
- How to achieve 3D compretion in met lab software
- Application area of video processing (PHD)?
- What are Operators used for segmentation of an image & Which is the best on
- What is the skeleton of an image? Explain the methods to find the skeleton
- How to identify Human from running video frame is there any method for iden
- Image restoration & Image registration?
- Explain how inverse filter is used to restore the image and what are drawba
- Explain the difference between error free and lossy compression of an image
- Explain the difference between error free and lossy compression of an image
- Explain about linear separability of pattern classes.
- Explain in detail the different derivative operations used for image sharpe
- What is the block matching algorithm and how is it used for 2 – D motion
- Distinguish between uniform sampling and non uniform sampling with respect
- Can we use 3 dimensional compression technique for video coding purpose?
- Explain about linear separability of pattern classes.
- Explain the need of multiplexing and demultiplexing of the Address Bus and Address Data Bus.
- Explain the applications of source coding in the field of Image Processing
- What is difference between path and trajectory?
- How gross motion planning is robot independent and fine motion planning is robot dependent?
- Define joint space work envelop, dexterous work envelop
- What are different performance parameters for controlled
rectifiers
- Explain the basic principles of pass transistor circuit. Sir, what is logic “0” and logic “1” transfer?
- What is Twin Tub process ?
- What is the need of design rules? What is mean by lamda based design rules?
- Define body effect in MOSSEFT?
- How much of memory space a typical 8-bit grayscale image of size 512*512 would consume?
- How can you realize a spatial filter that would sharpen the image?
- Explain what is gray level transformation? Explain gray level slicing and contrast stretching.
- Is it possible to display all kinds colours in a colour monitor?
- How generation of information is modelled as probabilistic process?
- Explain why the discrete histogram equalization will not in general yield a flat histogram?
- What is neighbour of pixel?
- What are additive and subtractive colors?
- How do you measure information?
- What do you mean by edge in an image? Explain how sharpening filter may be used to enhance edges. How first and second derivative may be used for detecting edges in an image?
- Discuss the ‘top down’ and ‘bottom up’ approaches of nanotechnology. Why is nano electronics needed?
- How median filter is the best solution to remove salt and pepper noise?
- Want some details on subband codding image compression using wavelet transform?
- description of LDA in Biomedical signal processing.
- What is coding redundancy?
- What are blurring and ringing effects? How can they be avoided?
- What is an Unitary matrix? How two dimensional DFT matrix
- In discrete to continuous time conversion, what is “match” and “Tustin” before the sampling time?
- Basic operation of LMS (least mean square) using adaptive filter in biomedi
- How adaptive noise canceller works?
- How frames can be selected from video in video proccessing?
- What is sparse representation matching and how can matching be done in face recognition?
- what techniques are used in 4G that lead 4G give higher data rate then 3G?
- sir i want to remove noise from transform ECG signals
- so for that i want to know flow chart of LMS in adaptive filter
- When is the average information delivered by a source of alphabet size 2, m
- How do I convert a DSP Transfer Function or Algorithm into C++ code?
- Which of OSI layers arc network support layers?
- What is meant by natural frequency?
- Explain what is meant by duality. Give the requirement for the network to be dual of other.
- How can you write nodal admittance matrix directly from the inspection of network?
- What information do poles and zeros provide in respect of network to which they relate?
- What is a dominant strategy?
- Explain the concept of hidden and exposed terminal in WLAN?
- what are the factors that may reduce reception of the wireless signal?
- What is the difference between performances evaluation of voice oriented fixed assignment and data oriented random access?
- Why GSM can be tracked easily as compared to CDMA?
- Why there is no Doppler shift in mobile communication?
- What is the use of Adaptive antenna?
- State the reason for higher mobility for electrons than holes in semiconductor materials.
- In a semiconductor if the gradient of electron concentration is positive in the negative x-direction. What will be the direction of current flow due to electron diffusion?
- Explain “why band to band recombination is insignificant for Silicon?”
- A P-N junction diode is under equilibrium condition. It is observed that the hole diffusion current and electron drift current flowing across the junction are 2 nA and 5 nA respectively. What will be the magnitude of hole drift current and electron diffusion currents?
- Effect of channel length modulation and substrate bias on drain current of NMOS transistor.
- Explain short channel effect in MOSFET?
- What is a frame buffer? Discuss the categories of digital storage for image processing applications.
- What are the different transforms used in DIP? Which is most useful?
- How to calculate threshold in image processing?
- Is it possible that high pass-filtered image in the frequency domain can be obtained by using the method of subtracting a low pass filtered image from the original?
- What is invariant degradation? Explain about estimating the degradation function.
- In image processing, input usually images but what are the different output we can obtain?
- what is gray level interpolation based on the nearest neighbour concept?
- What is meant by discontinuities in an image?
- What are the gradient operations? What are the various operators used for image segmentation based on edge detection?
- What is noise smoothing?
- Why there is a need of representing the gain of an amplifier, attenuation in a signal, signal to noise ratio in db (decibel)?
- Is there any 360-degree radiating antenna?
- How will the radiation pattern generated?
- Any Live application for 360-degree antenna?
- what is the difference between FPGA Design and ASIC Design?
- Explain the operation of a n-channel or
p-channel CMOS transistor at the device level using a diagram.
- What is the advance technology in IC’s?
- Explain about the types of cognitive radio and its applications?
- How to discover insufficiently covered regions in a wireless sensor network
- Explain about remote sensing and its types?
- Which tool is suitable for color image processing and texture analysis?
- How to Perform Colour image segmentation and identification?
- What is image translation and scaling?
- List the 2 categories of image enhancement?
- What are the applications of remote sensing?
- Why carrier wave is always a sine wave?
- How does a Receiver Filter actually work? How does it select various frequencies automatically and how is the signal unaffected by filter characteristics like differentiation?
- How is the signal unaffected by filter characteristics like differentiation?
- Derive the noise power spectral density of the FM demodulation and explain its performance.
- How does bandwidth increase with increase in baud rate?
- What is entropy? Explain the properties of entropy?
- What is channel redundancy?
- Where should we used discrete and continuous wavelet?
- What was the reason for selecting a speed of 155.52 Mbps in the original ATM standard?
- How speech is transmitted in a digital switching environment using PCM/TDM?
- How does one arrive at the probability of availability of free lines during the busy hour? How can this be improved?
- What is the need of a hybrid in telephone networks? How does it work?
- What are the different types of web security threats?
- What are the limitations of impulse invariance method?
- Why circular convolution is important in DSP?
- What are the applications of histogram processing?
- What is meant by in place in DIT and DIF algorithm?
- Explain how image enhancement was achieved.
- What is dead band?
- Why edge detection is most common approach for detecting discontinuities?
- Describe Image Formation in the eye with Brightness adaption and Discrimination?
- What is meant by image enhancement? Explain the need for image enhancement
- Explain the process of Image smoothing using Median filtering
- Explain the image compression models
- Explain about CMY and CMYK color models
- Please provide introduction to the Graph-based approaches and feature space clustering approaches of current image segmentation. OR Baisc notion of Graph-based approaches.
- How to classify the segmented regions based on their feature characteristics?
- What is meant by image enhancement? Explain the need for image enhancement.
- Explain adaptive filtering?
- What exactly is a short circuit? What does it mean if a circuit becomes shorted? How
does this differ from an open circuit?
- What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?
- How the stability is determined for a system in terms of z-transform?
- What is blur impulse response and noise levels?
- How the voltage control is achieved by injection of reactive power at nodes
- What are the advantages of GTO over SCR? And thyristors are not preferred for inverters?
- What are the advantages of GTO over SCR? And why thyristors are not preferred for inverters?
- What is a periodogram? How do you estimate the performance of a periodogram
- Explain Design of FIR filters by windowing Optimum approximations of FIR fi
- What are the advantages of wavelet based coding in JPEG-2000?
- What is source coding theorem? What is
the advantage and disadvantage of channel coding?
- What is sub-band coding?
- What is the need of Digital signal processing?
- Why should we go for digital signal processing where as the most of the real world data is in analog mode?
- When a discrete time signal is called periodic?
- Define symmetric and antisymmetric signals
- How do you prevent alaising while sampling a CT signal?
- Is watershed segmentation approach a region-based approach or boundary-based approach?
- How does a Receiver Filter actually work? How does it select various frequencies automatically and how is the signal unaffected by filter characteristics like differentiation?
- How does the access point know if a wireless data packet is intended for its network?
- Explain about MAC layers in WIMAX networks
- What is dead packet management techniques in wireless sensor networks? Nodes in sleep mode can be used in wsns.
- Could you explain the hierarchical routing protocols?
- compressing of data and other data managent techniques to conserve energy
- Discuss security in wireless networks
- What is channel redundancy?
- Discuss about satellite imaging application
- How the color helps in better image analysis?
- What do you mean by image segmentation? Give the detail of amplitude segmentation methods.
- What determines a segment? How can we pose the problem mathematically?
- What are the applications of image segmentation?
- Searching based on the images features is an active area of research. What different features of an image that can be classified?
- Suggest a way to evaluate how good or bad are the results of a chosen segmentation algorithm?
- Is watershed segmentation approach a region-based approach or boundary-based approach?
- Explain the different factors that affects the reliability of CMOS chips
- What is image averaging and Image subtraction?
- What are filtering in frequency domain?
- What is moments of an image. Explain how they can be used in shape analysis of an image?
- What is the difference in image restoration and enhancement?
- Explain the different kind of image compression techniques for reducing the size of images?
- What are the types of redundancies available in the image?
- What is noise? How it affects image segmentation?
- How to detect grey level discontinuities in detecting image?
- Explain the algorithm for boundary detection
- What is object recognition? Explain object recognition by structural mappin
- Discuss satellite imaging application
- How image helps in detection of minerals below the surface?
- How can we choose the better image processing software? What are the features should be available in the software?
- Why should we go for digital signal processing where as the most of the rea
- Explain the disadvantages of digital signal processing over analog process.
- What are the various methods of representing discrete time signal?
- Can you explain the difference between energy signal & power signal?
- Discuss the concept of whitening filter and inverse filter
- What is adaptive in an adaptive filter? How is it done?
- If you go on dilating an image repeatedly with a structuring element, what will be the effect?
- How can you modify the Basic Global Thresholding method to make use of the histogram of an image, instead of the image pixels in every step(2654)?
- Suggest a way to evaluate how good or bad are the results of a chosen segme
- What is remote sensing and where remote sensing data can be used?
- What are the differences between raster and vector data?
- Discuss about Open Standards and Open Source Solutions for GIS?
- How hough transforms can be used to link edges?
- How wifi technology works?
- Explain the concept of cellular topology and cell fundamentals
- What are the reasons to perform handoff?
- Why is power control important in CDMA?
- how are gradient operators used for detection of edges in medical images
- What is the basic grey level transformation?
- How histogram matching can enhance the Image?
- Explain the application of image processing in defense
- What are the elements of visual interpretation of the satellite images? Explain the importance of each element.
- What is microwave remote sensing?
- What is a satellite swath?
- What is a map projection? What is conic map projection?
- What are map to map and image to map transformations?
- What is Data cleaning process in GIS?
- What are neighborhood operations and zonal operations in the context of raster data?
- How is congestion caused in a network and how is it avoided?
- Explain the Distance Vector and Link state Routing algorithm
- Even there are many routeto reach the destination, still how does a pocket loss occun?
- What is the need for Fragmentation and Reassembly?
- How queingthoery could be used to study computer networks?
Explain the closed network of a queueing system
- What are the technologies available for wireless geo location?
- What are Data gathering sensor networks?
- Explain the applications of wireless sensor networks.
- Explain about sensor network architecture
- Explain the concept and structure of cell.
- How resolution aspects are helpful in identifying various objects of the earth?
- Explain the advantages of remote sensing over the conventional survey methods.
- Discuss the future remote sensing mission of India.
- Please explain about geometric transformation.
- What is difference between zigbee and Bluetooth ?
- How performance is improves in CSMA/CD protocol compared to CSMA protocol?
- What is time-to-live or packet lifetime
- How ALOHA works in satellite communication
- Explain the Geometric characteristics of microwave data?
- Describe the sensor characteristics of IRS and Landsat series of satellites.
- Which software is useful for classification of hyperspectral image?
- Which software is suitable for classification of hyperspectral image?
- How we get hyperspectral image from these software’s?
- Can you suggest some supervised and unsupervised linear spectral unmixing techniques in Hyperspectral image analyzer?
- Sir, we want to do project in video surveillance. Kindly explain the area in which we can de the research project?
- Explain hyper spectral analysis of supervised and unsupervised bandwidth selection in dimensionality reduction.
- Explain about histogram equalization and image subtraction.
- Explain about color models and its conversion to other models.
- Discuss about the platforms used in remote sensing activity.
- In what ways are GIS different from other classes of information systems?
- What is tessellation and explain about it
- How accuracy of the classified image can be assessed?
- How to do the river analysis?
What are algorithms available to calculate the width of the river in a given image?
- How can we identity the independent component using ICA analysis in hyperspectral Image especiallyfor dimensionality reduction?
- How to select the number of independ components requed in ICA analysis in hyper spectral image.?
- Why matchedfiltering technic is used for target detection in multidimensional image?
- If a pixel consist more than one n member how can we classify?
- Describe the following: i) Image Pyramids ii) Scaling functions
- What is Resolution? Differentiate between spatial resolution and tonal resolution.
- What is the use of Opening and Closing operators in Morphological Image processing?
- What is watershed segmentation in image processing
-
Explain about the platforms used in remote sensing activity?
- Discuss the Platforms on remote sensing?
- Explain “Orbiting mechanisms of satellite”?
- Explain the salient features of Microwave radiometer?
- Write about the future remote sensing missions of India?
- How resolution aspects are helpful in identifying various objects of theearth?
- Explain multi mode image fusion techniques and its advantage?
- When convert an image into binary it is a same size when compared to anther image?
- What is point spread function?
- Please explain convolution in layman terms.
- What are stochastic signals? What is the difference between a random signal and a stochastic signal?
- Please explain KL Transform.
- How radar detection is avoided by military aircrafts?
- Is it possible to transmit the data files (computer files) through existing power lines? If it is possible, can we use optical fiber interface for transmitting those data files?
- What are the factors that can be considered while choosing antenna for certain application?
- How we can use power line communication in rural area, where there are power cutoff?
- How communication takes place between station on earth and satellite in space?
- Why do we need Probabilistic Models to analyses the signals?
- Explain the detail the transceiver characteristics and structure
- What are limitations on communications in a cognitive radio network?
- Explain the concept of signal modeling and explain least squares method of signal modeling in detail.
- What are the difficulties in FFT based power spectral estimation methods?
- Discuss the various types of sensor resolutions.
- Explain how FIR Wiener filter can be used for filtering and prediction
- Explain the principles and procedures involved in change detection.
- What actually is reactive power?
- Explain the design rules of CMOS invertors?
- Why Do the present VLSI circuits use MOSFET instead of BJTs?
- Explain the term virtual height in terms of antenna?
- What are theadvantages of remote sensing over the conventional survey methods?
- What is meant by supervised classification?
- Explain high and low pass filtering techniques in image processing?
- Can you explain Image differencing and change detection analysis and its application?
- Is it mandatory uplink frequency is always greater than downlink in satellite communication?
- Can inverse laplace be defined in the same way like laplace , in integral or differential form?
- Modulation technique used in 4G.
- How FFT is a fast algorithm to calculate DFT ? and how is it implemented practically?
- hat protocols are used in 5g wireless networks?
- What is frequency reuse?
- Explain different PWM techniques in detail.
- Wcdma and cdma - difference btwn them? and how we get high speed then GSM ?
- Why high frequency waves disappearin at mosphere?
- What is the circuit configurations used for SMPS?
- Why transmission power in railway are switched from dc to ac.
- What is the difference between intra-BSC handover and inter-BSC handover?
- Discuss the various application of multirate signal processing.
- Why LMS is normally preferred over RLS?
- Explain about remote sensing and its types.
- How to perform colour image segmentation and identification?
- What are operators used for segmentation of an image & Which is the best one?
- What are the advantages of FIR filters?
- What are the differences between TE, TM and HE modes?
- Explain different types of small scale fading.
- What are the advantages of fiber optic cable over coaxial cable?
- How can we identify the error in the signal and what are the methods are available for the error detection?
- How is spectrum sharing is done with cognitive radio?
- What are the difference between digital image analysis and visual image analysis?
- Discuss about hardware requirement for Image Processing.
- Why geometric corrections are essential for image processing?
- Explain the different methods of resampling.
- What is data cleaning GIS? Please explain.
- Explain the basics of forward linear prediction.
- Explain Power spectrum estimation using Bartlett method.
- Discuss about sub band coding.
- Explain the block diagram and functionality of a generic adaptive filter.
- What is the principle of steepest descent adaptive FIR filter?
- What is the difference between LMS algorithm and RLS algorithm?
- What is small-scale fading? What are the factors influencing small scalefading?
- Differentiate Fast fading and slow fading in Small Scale fading.
- What are error detection and error correction codes?
- Give the computation efficiency of FFT over DFT.
- Why an impulse invariant transformation is not considered to beone-to-one?
- Explain the fundamental receiver operation in optical communication.
- What are the differences and similarities between DIF and DIT algorithms?
- Please explain the basic concept of soliton generation.
- Explain about Linear Equalizers.
- Explain the ultra high capacity WDM systems.
- What is the way to reduce number of arithmetic operations during DFT computation?
- Why ideal frequency selective filters are not realizable?
- Why IIR systems are called recursive systems?
- Why impulse invariant method is not preferred in the design of IIR filters other Than low pass filter?
- How to bring the equivalence between Laplace transform and Fourier Transform.
- What is entropy?
- Why noise is always considered to be additive in images?
- Give the difference between Enhancement and Restoration?
- What are the three methods of estimating the degradation function?
- What is the difference between statistical & electrical analysis of signal?
- What are fiber modes?
- What is mode coupling?
- What are the advantages of third generation (3G) networks?
- Explain in brief concept of speech coding?
- Can you please explain us the Wimax Technology?
- What is the need of diversity? What are the different types of diversity?
- Why QPSK is preferred for wireless communication?
- What are the features of interference limited systems.
- What is the need for link calculation?
- Describe technical challenges faced by the wireless communication.
- Describe how the optical fibers are used for the measurement of pressure, temperature, liquid level and strain.
- What is need for IPV6 protocol? Explain its advantages.
- What are P2P Software Applications?
- What is meant by quantum limit?
- Explain mobility models.
- Briefly explain difference between Narrowband and wideband systems.
- What is the fundamental parameter of a single mode fiber?
- Why is there a need & issues for integration of remote sensing GIS?
- What are the different ways to built GIS real world model?
- Describe the image enhancement techniques used in processing of remote sensed data.
- What are the key elements of visual image interpretation?
- What do you meant by Zooming of digital images?
- What is the relation between Edge Linking and Boundary Detection?
- Please explain Flat fading channel model and what is the difference between flat and frequency selective fading?
- What are the applications and benefits of adhoc wireless network?
- Explain the different types of wireless sensor networks.
- Explain Cognitive radio architecture.
- What are the characteristics of adaptive signal processing?
- What is the difference between Newton’s method and Steepest Descent method?
- What is correlation matrix?
- Explain pixel-based classification and object-oriented classification.
- How do you perform edge detection?
- What is gray level interpolation?
- Please explain that sum of two independent Poisson processes is a Poisson process.
- What is digital modulation?
- What are the design characteristics of digital modulation scheme?
- What is maximum likelihood decoder?
- What is near-far effect in wireless network?
- What Are P2P Software Applications?
- What FEC means in Bluetooth?
- What are the channels used in mobile communication systems?
- Explain the method used for Voice transfer?
- Difference between GPRS, GSM and CDMA.
- Explain the control abstraction algorithm of divide and conquer.
- What CDN networks are?
- Can CDN’s accelerate dynamic content/applications?
- How much time and what kinds of resources are needed to successfullyimplement a CDN?
- Does a CDN help in every situation?
- What are the Crowd Sourcing?
- What are the challenges of using the crowd to find solutions to technical problems, and how can we overcome them?
- What are theAdvantages and Disadvantages of crowd sourcing?
- Which layer allocates the signaling dimension in Multiuser Systems?
- When using a low frequency convolution filter what effect does kernelsize have on smoothing?
- What is the advantage of using sobel operator?
- How doesGeology and GIS Differ?
- How does lossless compression work?
- What is the image compression system model? What are the functions of its components?
- What are the types of error free compression?
- What is meant by image smoothing and image sharpening?
- Is it true that two random variables are the same if and only if they have the same probability distribution?
- When is a random process said to be mean ergodic?
- Please explain token passing method of controlled access of the channel.
- CSMA is a contention access protocol with partial co-ordination among multiple users, Please explain why and how CSMA should provide better throughput performance than ALOHA systems.
- What are the different categories of connecting devices, based on the layer at which they operate in a network?
- Please explain circuit switching, packet switching and messages witching.
- What is Game Theory Based Control System and how does Real-Time Reinforcement learning help in the same
- What is SAR image? And is true that SAR produces only 2D images. If yes, why not 3D image.
- What is computational Photography or computational Imaging?
- Can we classify a segment, satellite images using artificial neural network and how optimal it is?
- Can tagging image or inserting metadata can be done by machines?
- Where is SAR image more optimal? What is the advantage of image processing over traditional approach?
- Is microwave image visible?
- Can classification be done by a object oriented programming also?
- Is it possible to move real movement to virtual environment or virtual reality?
- What is the significance of artificial neural networks on signal processing?
- What is acoustic MIMO signal processing and can you tell the applications?
- What is fast fourier transform? And how optimal it is compared to fourier transform in signal processing?
- What is visual microphones? And how is passive recovery of sound from video possible? ( I mean - can we extract audio by looking at vibrations in objects)
- What is an inverse filter & how it is related to convolution & deconvolution?
- What is massive MIMO? And can we use MIMO in 4G-Wimax network?
- How does advanced signal processing helps in optimizing direction of arrival estimation?
- Explain interpolation and decimation. And how is it useful in signal processing?
- Does we have IP based cellular network? How base stations identify different mobiles by sim number or by some other id?
- If we have 10 routers in same area working in same channel, does it create interference in signal and decrease bandwidth? Please explain about channels of Wi-Fi router and how it affects its performance?
- Can you explain the terms Reflection, Scattering and Absorption in wireless signal with examples?
- Why routing protocols for fixed networks cannot be used for wireless sensor networks?
- In theory we have studied wimax, but does not find any relevant devices in market using this. Is that technology failed?
- What is Internet Traffic Engineering & its scope for wireless networks?
- How antenna in wifi router effect its covering area, does length of antenna has effect on its area of coverage and what does 2 db, 5 db 7db antenna specify in terms of wifi coverage?
- Explain the concept of TDMA scheme. Explain hand off process in cellular networks.
- How signal power (dbm) is related with frequency (Hz), as we have 2.4 Ghz and 5 Ghz frequency wifi router, which provide more bandwidth and why?
- Please explain NAT (Network Address Translation) and PAT (Port Address Translation), with the advent of IPV6 do we still need NAT?
- How does energy aware routing work?
- What is the need for power management in adhoc network?
- What is the use of game theory in Wireless Netwoks?
- What is MANET network? Can we apply media access methods from fixed networks (like CSMA/CD) to MANET networks?
- Are wavelets useful in fields other than signal or image processing?
- Can we use wavelet transformation for cyclone prediction in any other climatic changes?
- How is HARR transform use in image processing?
- Application of wavelets to time-series-based anomaly detection algorithms.
- What is the reason that most of the information is hidden in frequency of the signal and not in time domain?
- Please give details how geophysical signal can be use in petroleum exploration.
- What is the difference between undecimated and decimated wavelet transform?
- How randon transform is use in image processing and how it is different from wavelet transform?
- Which is most commonly used transformation in image processing and why?
- How is deep learning can be helpful in image processing than traditional image processing mechanism?
- How image processing can be use for disaster management?
- Is there any way to plan agriculture land using image processing method?
- What is meant by machband effect?
- What exactly zooming means in digital image processing?
- What is Piggybacking in context to Wi-Fi and wireless communication?
- Where is heavy tails used in wireless networking? Please explain with an analogy.
- What is a Wireless LAN Controller and why is it important? And is having a central LAN controller the most optimal thing?
- What is Quality of Service (QoS)? And if possible name some factors affecting wireless (QoS) and is MIMO-OFDM modulation technique the most optimal technique to improve wireless QoS?
- What is wireless body area network (WBAN) & amp, its applications in health monitoring?
- What is the importance of linear and circular convolution in signals and systems?
- When the z-domain transfer function of the system can be directly obtained from s-domain transfer function?
- Do we need special equipment to connect to WiMax networks?
- Difference between MSK and GMSK.
- What is the PSNR of the codec in question? PSNR (peak signal-to-noise ratio).
- Has the codec been submitted to subjective quality tests? If so, by whom?
- What tool is recommended to create the encoded file?
- Is the codec lossy or lossless?
- How does the codec deals with fast action, low-light conditions, noise and film grain?
- What is the resulting file size after encoding, as it compares with the uncompressed source file?
- Why do we need to reconstruct some frames in encoder?
- What are the stages through which an image passes in an image processing system? Please explain.
- Why are images compressed? Techniques for image compression.
- What are various image formats? What are 4:4:4, 4:2:2 etc. sampling? What are different color spaces like RGB, YUV? How would YUV pixel values look like for green, blue, red, blackand white color pixels for suppose 8bit per color space?
- How masking qualities of human ear is used in reducing number of bits in uniform quantiser?
- Wavelets transformation in one dimension. How can they be used in image processing?
- How to prove that both the 2-D continuous and discrete Fourier transforms are linear operations?
- Please explain the concept of Unsharp masking and Highboost filtering.
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of local histogram processingwhen compared to global histogram processing?
- How periodic noise can be reduced using frequency domain filtering?
- What is different noise probability density functions used in imageprocessing applications?
- What effect would set to zero the half of lower-order bit planes haveon the histogram of an image in general?
- How to calculate the MGF of Geometric distribution and how to find its mean and variance?
- If the probability that an applicant for a driver's license will pass the road test on any given trial is 0.8. How to evaluate the probability that he will finally pass the test (i) on the fourth trail and (ii) in less than 4 trials?
- Please explain about the system architecture of a canonical sensor node. And what are the factors that make use of innovative development models particularly important?
- What are the innovative mechanisms to realize the characteristic requirements of WSN?
- How signals are acquired in cognitive radio? And please explain about sensing mechanisms.
- What is the expected total number of topological sorts in a directed a cyclic graph with n vertices?
- Is there precedent in the literature for a variant of a random geometric graph where vertices are the centroids of discs placed by random sequential adsorption (RSA)?
- Can you please explain what is the relation between probability ofrewiring and the clustering coefficient?
- Sir, Please help me in solving this question. The blood group of 200people is distributed as follows: 50 have type A blood, 65 have B bloodtype, 70 have O blood type and 15 have type AB blood. If a person fromthis group is selected at random, what is the probability that this personhas O blood type?
- What is the application for Cross correlation and Auto Correlation?
- How to create a positive definite covariance matrix from an adjacency matrix?
- How long take a random walk traverse the diameter of a random graph?
- What is continuous time real exponential signal and growing exponential signal?
- What is Impulse Response? How to show that the Response of an LTI system is convolution Integral of its impulse Response with input signal?
- How to define shifting property of the discrete time unit impulse function?
- What is the necessary and sufficient condition on impulse response for stability?
- How to define fourier transform and its inverse transform?
- What are the properties of The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform?
- What are 2D-and 3D-Fourier transforms? How Fourier Transform works in higher dimensions?
- What is meant by self-reciprocal with respect to Fourier Transform?
- Please explain comparison between of Fourier Transforms and Fourier series.
- How to obtain Fourier series of half wave Rectified Sine wave?
- What are the Dirichlets conditions of Fourier series?
- How are artificial neural networks different from normal computers?
- Why is the XOP problem exceptionally interesting to neural network researchers?
- How to describe the composition of ANNs?
- How to obtain variance and other statistics on system performance?
- How to represent a system using a network of several queues?
- How to subdivide a large queuing network model and solve it?
- Explain different types of learning methods. What are counter propagation networks?
- What is the free energy cost of the evolution of biological computation/function?
- Does the relationship between statistical physics and the need of biological systems to process information underpin some of their deepest features?
- Please explain the history and impact of game theory.
- What precisely defines a strategic situation? Why is rational choice more complicated in strategic situations?
- How has the fraction of free energy flux on earth that is used by biological computation changed with time?
- What is the importance of implementing a fault tolerance system? Are there limitations?
- Would it theoretically be possible in an ethernet network connected through a hub for many devices to send data at the same time using multiplexing?
- Which are major biological flaws in logic of the forced sterilization program for eliminating feeblemindedness?
- If all neurons in a 2 layer neural network get the same inputs, wouldn't they all give the same output?
- How distributed communication models are based on message passing?
- How many multiplications and additions are required to compute N point DFT using Radix-2 FFT?
- How to describe the process of sampling and quantization? And how to determine the expression for quantization?
- In minimum shift keying what is the relation between the signal frequencies and bit rate?
- If two hosts, each located in a different network, exchange their emails via the internet and make use of a pair of email gateways, why such gateways are necessary?
- How would we find the propagation loss for two different known length and voltage of optical fiber?
- What is the relationship between capture range and lock range relationship in PLL?
- What factors does the frequency resolution of a frequency synthesizer depend?
- What are the units used for phase noise? What should be the ideal value for this?
- Please explain how machine learning is related to artificial intelligence, deep learning and neural networks. How these terms are different from each other and can we arrange them in the subset or superset of each other?
- Regression or classification, how to decide which algorithms to use for specific problems in ML?
- What is the best strategy for choosing a useful next training experience and how does the choice of this strategy alter the complexity of the learning problem?
- What is the best way to reduce the learning task to one or more function approximation problems? Put another way, what specific functions should the system attempt to learn? Can this process itself be automated?
- Can we decide the type of technique (Machine Learning or Deep Learning) on the basis of the size of the dataset?
- What are the different tasks used in the image processing to get some essential knowledge from images?
- What algorithms exist for learning general target functions from specific training examples? In what settings will particular algorithms converge to the desired function given sufficient training data? Which algorithms perform best for which types of problems and representations?
- How much training data is sufficient? What general bounds can be found to relate the confidence in learned hypotheses to the amount of training experience and the character of the learner's hypothesis space?
- When and how can prior knowledge held by the learner guide the process of generalizing from examples? Can prior knowledge be helpful even when it is only approximately correct?
- What basic statistics knowledge is required for ML student?
- How feed forward network is different from the recurrent network in AI?
- How can the learner automatically alter its representation to improve its ability to represent and learn the target function?
- How to construct computer programs that automatically improve with experience?
- Please explain about random forest regression and in what problem I can use it?
- Please explain some technique of feature selection.
- Can two directional antennas be connected without an amplifier to improve reception?
- Please explain in detail the various spatial filtering approaches for image enhancement.
- How does noise effects the efficiency of a image segmentation algorithm?
- What are the types of redundancies available in an image?
- Explain the two processes that are used to convert the continuous sensed data into digital form.
- How can we use wavelet analysis in the analysis of time series such as wind speed, SST or El Nino Oscillation?
- Please explain any application of wavelet transform for gravity data.
- Please explain the basic idea to transform a time series into coefficients describing how the series varies over particular scales?
- Explain about wavelet analysis of bathymetry data of western offshore, India.
- Please explain the Gap-Filling via stochastic interpolation.
- What are the implication of orthogonal wavelets and non-orthogonal Wavelets in evaluation of a time series?
- What is Nash equilibrium? Are Nash equilibrium necessarily pare to optimal? Why or why not?
- If the arrival and departure rates in a M/M/I queue are 1/2 per minute and 2/3 per minute respectively, then how to find the average waiting time of a customer in the queue?
- What is the probability that a customer has to wait more than 15minutes to get his service completed in (M/M/I): (? / FIFO) queue system if ? = 6 per hour and = 10 per hour?
- How to combine poisson arrival with exponential service time in m/m/n/n queue process?
- How do we determine the probability of a specific wait time in a queuing system?
- What are the differences between structural patterns & morphological structural element?
- What is the goal of the computation? Why is it appropriate?
- Why are image edges so important in vision?
- What could a possible vision system consist of?
- How would a Linear Gray Level Transform affect an image?
- How do we deal with pixel intensity overflow when performing discrete convolution on an image and the result is greater than 255?
- Why cant we use comparator sine wave into square wave?
- What is PWM or Pulse length modulation or pulse duration modulation?
- What is a relation between the mixing time of a Markov chain and the diameter of its graph?
- How to develop a Markov chain for sequence of Bernoulli random variables?
- Why is the Markov chain that models the movement of a bishop a periodic?
- What is the difference between Harvard and Von Neumann architecture?
- What are the applications of Interpolation and decimation in Digital Signal Processing?
- Why impulseinvariant method is not preferred in thedesignof IIR filtersother than low passfilter?
- What is thenecessary and sufficientcondition forthe linear phasecharacteristic ofaFIR filter?
- What are Gibbsoscillations?
- How phase distortion and delay distortion are introduced?
- How can we prove the experiment data follows heavy-tail distribution?
- How to describe the M|G|1 queuing system?
- If a fun park wants to reduce ride waiting time, should the length ofthe rides be increased or decreased?
- Can we predict server response time using Queuing Theory? How?
- What is Block Coding and how the errors are detected and corrected using Block coding?
- What is meant by Mach band effect?
- What are sampling and quantization?
- How are the fields of computer vision, image processing, signal processing and neural networks related to electrical and electronics engineering?
- How to define the terms convolution and correlation and their significance in the context of digital image processing?
- How can you modify the Basic Global Thresholding method to make use of the histogram of an image, instead of the image pixels in every step?
- How the region split and merge technique works for segmentation?
- Why is padding an image necessary before we apply filtering in the frequency domain?
- What do the letters in the symbolic representation (a/b/c) (d/e) of a queueing model represent? Please explain.
- What effect does doubling ? and have on Ls and Ws for an (M/M/1): (FIFO/?/?) queuing model?
- How to derive Pollaczek Khintchine formula for the average number of customers in the M/G/1 queuing system?
- What math do I need to understand Markov Process and queuing theory?
- What is the appropriated model when a service can handle more than one client?
- What is the need for biasing a transistor? What is meant by operating point?
- How the current gain, input impedance, voltage gain and output impedance of a transistor amplifier can be obtained using h-parameters?
- How to enumerate the effects of negative feedback on the various characteristics of the amplifier?
- Why is LabVIEW Ideal for Creating Virtual Instruments?
- What is SM fiber and MM fiber? And which one is good to use for long distance cabling.
- How to find the moment generating function of exponential distribution and hence how to find the mean and variance of exponential distribution?
- How to state and prove memory less property for geometric distribution?
- Explain Bernoulli's theorem on independent trials.
- How to prove that the different of two independent Poisson processes is not a Poisson process?
- How to differentiate the MAC protocol of WSN from traditional wires MAC protocol?
- What are the parameters that influence the handoff?
- What is spectrum pooling and bandwidth exchange?
- How to define compression? And please explain data redundancy in image compression.
- What are the properties of unitary transform?
- What is Fredholm integral of first kind?
- Explain brightness adaptation and discrimination.
- What are the effects of applying Butterworth low pass filter to the noisy image?
- What is the relation for degradation model for continuous function?
- How to describe the types of data, which are amenable to lossy compression with an explanation of why they are amenable to lossy compression? Please describe the mechanisms that are used to perform lossy compression with an explanation of why they improve the compression rate?
- For an alphabet consisting of m equiprobable symbols encoded using a binary prefix code, prove that the average length per symbol of the binary code is greater than or equal to log2 (m) bits, for any possible prefix code.
- An error correcting code has the following code words:00000000, 00001111, 01010101, 10101010, 11110000 what is the maximum number of bit errors that can be corrected?
- Suppose we know the conditional entropy H (X|Y) for two slightly correlated discrete random variables X and Y. We wish to guess the value of X, from knowledge of Y. There are N possible values of X. Give a lower bound estimate for the probability of error, when guessing X from knowledge of Y. What is the name of this relationship?
- Why most of the channels are analog? Is it possible to send digitals signals (without A-D conversion) over medium such as space, twisted pair etc.?
- What is the value of maximum signal to noise ratio of the matched filter? When it becomes maximum?
- What is mean by morphological image processing? Please explain basic morphological algorithms.
- What are the applications of artificial neural networks in image processing?
- What is zig zag sequence?
- What is theimagecompression system model? What are the functions of its components?
- How many multiplications and additions are required to computeN-point DFT using radix 2 FFT?
- What are the steps for obtaining tabular and functional convolutionsum? Please explain with example.
- What are the desirable properties required to convert an analog filterto a digital IIR filter? Which are the methods for the same?
- What are the steps for design of linear phase filters using hamming window? Please explain with example.
- How to write the magnitude & phase function of FIR filters when impulse response is anti-symmetric & N is even?
- What are the requirements for an analog filter and for a digital filterto be stable & causal?
- What is the basic operation of the decimation in-time algorithm?
- What are the different classification of discrete-time signals anddiscrete-time systems?
- What is AWGN channel?
- What is RLS filter?
- What are the real life applications of FIR filters?
- How to establish the memoryless property of exponential distribution?
- When is a random process or stochastic process said to be ergodic?
- A bag contains 5 balls and its not known how many of them are white. Two balls are drawn at random from the bag and they are noted to be white. What is the chance that the balls in the bag all are white?
- Explain the properties of normal distribution.
- What is the maximum transmission power of UE in wireless networks?
- In WLAN, what messages are exchanged between AP and STA and what are the functions of both?
- How to define random telegraph signal process and how to prove that it is WSS?
- What is the practical application of variance?
- What is AWGN?
- How the color helps in better image analysis? What are various color models to specify a color in a standard way?
- A cinema screen is a white painted surface designed to reflect light back into our eyes. The more light that is reflected back the brighter the image will be. Why then can a mirror not be used instead?
- Why zigzag manner scan is used in DCT for image compression?
- How is the relation between number of hidden layers in ANN and accuracy?
- Explain the smoothing of images in frequency domain using Ideal low pass filter and Butterworth low pass filter.
- Explain these intensity transformation functions with graphs image negatives, log transformations and power law (gamma) transformations.
- Does applying a high pass filter have an effect on the background of output image?
- Explain intensity slicing as applied to pseudo color image processing.
- How to draw a block diagram model for the imagedegradation/restorationprocess and what are the equations describing the model in both thespatial and frequency domain?
- How inverse filtering can be used to restore a degraded image and how the degradation can be estimated if unknown?
- How do we get started with SVM coding in Matlab?
- What is the current trend in computer vision and image processing? Also explain the future trend.
- Can you tell us about data augmentation?
- One category of image segmentation is referred to as edge-basedsegmentation. Please describe how the first and second order derivativescan be used to detect edges, how they differ from each other, how they areaffected by noise, and which filter masks can be used?
- What are the differences between the image enhancement and image restoration?
- For feature extraction and feature selection, which is the best algorithm?
- How can we do K- fold cross validation in my data set in MATLAB?
- What are sharpening filters? How derivative are used for generatingdifferent sharpening spatial filters?
- Explain any application with the help of typical pattern recognition system.
- What is the problem of dimensionality reduction? How principle component analysis is useful for dimensionality reduction?
- What is texture? What are statistical texture description methods?
- How to describe different contour based shape description methods?
- How to describe the role of pattern recognition for computer vision?What are the steps involved in design cycle of pattern recognition system?
- How scene reconstruction is done from multiple views usingtriangulation projective reconstruction and matching constrains?
- What are the differences between motion detection and moving object detection and location?
- What is optical flow? Please explain optical flow in motion analysis.
- Can you please explain histogram method?
- 01 How to derive Pollaczek -khintchine formula for the average number in the system when the service time is constant with mean 1/?
- When node experiences saturation with respect to incoming packets, what may be the general strategies used?
When node experiences saturation with respect to incoming packets, what may be the general strategies used?
When node experiences saturation with respect to incoming packets, what may be the general strategies used?
When node experiences saturation with respect to incoming packets, what may be the general strategies used?
When node experiences saturation with respect t
- What is the difference between Dijkstras algorithm and the Bellman Ford algorithm?
- What are the various advantages and applications of GEO, MEO and LEO based communication networks?
- Explain image enhancement by point processing.
- Explain about constrained and unconstrained restorations.
- What is chromaticity and tristimulus value?
- How to detect different types of noise
in an image?
- How can I calculate the performance of segmentation results and which method performed the best segmentation?
- How leaky bucket algorithm is used to achieve Quality of service?
- What are the general principles of congestion control algorithm? Also explain the leaky bucket algorithm?
- What are the functions of UDP and format UDP header?
- What are the sliding window protocols? Please explain various cases in go-back-n protocol.
- Apart from Bandwidth, what are the benefits of 5G networks?
- What is channelization in the context of multiple access? What are various channelization techniques?
- How to differentiate between contention based protocols and schedule based protocols?
- How to state the mathematical model of energy consumption during transmission & reception of a transceiver?
- How clustering solves the issue of scalability on Wireless sensor network?
- Please explain the innovative mechanisms to realize the characteristic requirements of Wireless sensor network.
- What is the difference between AWGN channel and Rayleigh Fading channel?
- What are the applications of Magnetotelluric measurements?
- How to describe the working behaviour of support vector machine with diagrams?
- Groom-Bailey tensor decomposition or TEM method - which one of them has more precision?
- How to elaborate on Classification and Regression Trees (CART) with examples?
- In magnetotelluric, why static shift is frequency independent while induction is frequency dependent?
- Describe how principal component analysis is carried out to reduce dimensionality of data sets?
- In magnetotelluric data processing, if we have a preferred strike direction, should the static shift be corrected before rotation or after?
- Which Deep Learning Algorithm is the most appropriate for non-linear dimensional reduction of image BOV models? Can inverse Radon Transform be embedded in the Deep learning Auto Encoder?
- What is the influence of creating a fine mesh or a coarse mesh in 2D magnetotelluric inversion?
- Is there research on training generative models such as RBM or DBN on non-musical sound data?
- What is the typical resolution of magnetotellurics methods at 100-500 meters depth?
- Is a stacked autoencoder based deep learning network suitable for financial time series forecasting ?
- What is the best way to compare between finite difference and finite element method for Magnetotelluric modeling over 2D Earth?
- What is different between traditional Neural Network and Deep Learning? And how both can be implemented?
- In Magnetotellurics, if the XY and YX components show no shift in raw data, would 2D inversion still give a better picture than 1D?
- Can we find source characteristics in magnetotelluric method ? like source origin and frequency of thunderstorm activity
- What are the methods/procedure to check the sensitivity and robustness of the 2D model obtained by magnetotelluric data?
- From where can I get further information on wavelets? That is, it is explained in very easy words. Kindly give one or two reference or link.
- What are the application of wavelet other than data compression and numerical analysis?
- How we can describe the basic relationship between the pixels?
- Why the restoration is called as unconstrained restoration?
- What is the purpose of image averaging?
- Describe the difference between lossy and non-lossy image compression. Mention one application of each type of compression.
- How the discontinuity is detected in an image using segmentation?
- Which file transfer protocol is best suited for the sending/fetch data using GPRS link to/from remote locations?
- What is the relation between complex envelope and zero crossing (qpsk,offset qpsk and MSK)?
- Is there any "easy" way to convert the mode-field from a single mode fiber into a 3um?
- What is the difference between the Matched Filter and the Correlation Receiver?
- What is the difference between single-mode and multi-mode fibers direct
detection process?
- What is the use of laser in Radio over fiber communication? How can radio over fiber DAS be used for in building wireless access?
- Which encoding schemes are useful for optical wireless communication?
- What are the constraints to develop soliton communication systems?
- Explain us about micro bending.
- What is modal bandwidth, and how does it affect what distance gigabit Ethernet can travel over fiber?
- I want to encode a finite information F (say a finite string) into a
string x of n bits (n can be as large as you want), with the following
requirement: knowing any k bits of the string x (together with their
respective positions in x), one can fully retrieve the information F. For which (n,k) can this be achieved? What I am hoping to get is k=o (n), but I do not know whether this is possible.
- Suppose we know the conditional entropy H (X|Y) for two slightly
correlated discrete random variables X and Y. We wish to guess the value
of X, from knowledge of Y. There are N possible values of X. Give a lower
bound estimate for the probability of error, when guessing X from
knowledge of Y. What is the name of this relationship?
- Please explain the phenomenon of aliasing when a continuous signal
whose total bandwidth extends to W is sampled at a rate of fs < 2W.
If it is not possible to increase the sampling rate fs, what can be done
to the signal before sampling it that would prevent aliasing?
- In digital communication system, smaller the code rate, more are
the redundant bits. Why?
- Galois field consists of finite number of elements. Could please
explain us why?
- While representing the convolutional code by (n,k,m), what does m
signify or represent in it?
- Explain Shannon Hartley theorem and why channel capacity does not become infinite with infinite bandwidth?
- Explain the concept of frequency reuse?
- How to define histogram equalization. Please Explain the procedure for
histogram equalization.
- What is Hit-or-Miss transformation?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of watershed transformation?
- Explain about Roberts, Prewitt and Sobel edge detectors.
- What is the best method for reinforced edge in image?
- How to measure diameters of several circular thick tubes using some machine-learning algorithm?
- What are the limitations of active contour image segmentation?
- What is the difference between markov chain and embedded Markov Chain?
- What does Heavy Tail Distribution mean? Where is it applicable?
- Will there be two different signals having same Laplace transform?
Please give an example. How do we differentiate these two signals?
- List the ROC properties of laplace transform?
- What is the condition for stability of a DT-LTI system with respect to
the position of poles?
- If the absolute values of two random variables are Nakagami
distributed, then what distribution will their difference follow?
- Which is the best tool to simulate queuing models with fuzzy parameters?
- Is there a method to calculate the cumulative response time for "N"
number of customers in a M/M/1 queue?
- How to conduct wavelet analysis of time series?
- How can we calculate frequencies and mode shapes by employing the wavelet transform? Wavelet transform vs. structural damage detection.
- How can I calculate the standard deviation of scaling exponent in a de-trended fluctuation algorithm? How do we get the STD DEV of the alpha (mean) estimated using DFA?
- Why do we create surrogate time series and what are the advantages of this method in time series analysis?
- Do we need a new definition of fractals for big data? Or must fractals be based on power laws?
- How to determine the range of moments when performing multifractal analysis?
- How can we calculate the curl of magnetic field and how do we know if that curl of magnetic field is zero or not?
- If I have 7 colors ROGVAIV what is the probability of selecting R (red) twice in two consecutive selections?
- Could you please explain in details about communication between layer at interface in computer networks?
- Please explain any 4 interconnecting devices used in the internet and mention the layers at which these devices operate.
- How to simulate a homogeneous Poisson Point Process?
- Tell us in details about design issues related to data link layer.
- What are sliding window protocol?
- Could you please tell us about circuit swithching and packet switching
In laymans terms.
- Tell us about OSI reference model.
- IPs are limited. Then what will happen if we run out of IPs?
- Whether hyperspectral sensor penetrates the surface of earth or it captures the surface level material?
- What is the relationship between covariance and feature extraction?
- What is the best spectral region to use for determining between land surface features and water bodies?
- Is it possible to have a combination of a hyperspectral system and
lidar on the same aircraft?
- How can we save images that had been segmented (using fuzzy c-means method) in MATLAB which the end product are images of each cluster group?
- What is the effect of insecticides on hyperspectral "profiles" of plants?
- What are the recent challenges in (medical) image registration?
- Is imaging radar technology is an application of microwave band?
- Recently, I read in one article about moons gamma radiation. It is so much high that it is nearly impossible to live there. Then why it is said that human population can be send to moon as future colonies? Whereas it is said that we know only 10% of our own ocean world.
- Control Engineering
- The transmission lines are normally designed for a specific voltage say 110kV, 33kV etc. Is there any specific rule in deciding these voltage levels or these values are random?
- What are noise margins at low and high states?
- What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical rotational system?
- What is the basis for framing the rules of block diagram reduction techniqu
- What is a Hurwitz polynomial ?
- What is the steady state value of the response to a step function input to
- How can we integrate green technologies to increase energy efficiency?
- How can we reduce the impact of energy demands on the environment?
- What are the quantities plotted on the axes of the Bode plot ?
- If the period of a periodic function is 0•5 s what is the frequency in ra
- Describe what a VPN is and how it works.
- What is undamped natural frequency and damping ratio of the system?
- How to formulate optimal control problem?
- What are the effects of integral control & derivative control? Why derivati
- What is meant by order of system
- How is phase margin is determine by bode plot?
- What is difference between converter and inverter?
- what is steady state error? how it occurs?
- What is regenerative braking and dynamic braking of DC shunt motor?
- What is regenerative braking and dynamic braking of DC shunt motor?
- Explain the application of control system in system based on feedback
- How the transient response of a system with feedback differ to that
- What is the effect of addition of poles in a Root Locus.
- Why are differentiators generally not used in systems ?
- How is unit step response of an under-damped 2nd order system expressed?
- How does a digital control system works?
- What are the limitations of Routh - Hurwitz criteria?
- What are the effects of adding a pole & adding a zero to a second order system?
- Give merits of active filters over passive filters.
- Are network theorems applicable to A. C. networks also or their applications are restricted to D. C. networks only?
- What is controllability and Observability with respect to control systems ?
- Is there any advantage of pole-zero cancellation while designing a controll
- What is Lead-Lag controller
- How to model and control a D.C. servo system?
- Is there any disadvantages of non uniform quantization ?
- What is the effect of positive feedback on stability of the system ?
- What is significance of gain margin and phase margin ?
- What is Lyapunov stability analysis?
- Why ideal low pass filter is not physically realizable?
- Please, explain the backlash nonlinearity
- How to justify the following statement “Describing function is also call
- Sir, on what factors robustness of the system depends
- Tell me about Adaptive Contro
- Explain the standard test signals employed for time domain study.
- What is the difference between type and order of system?
- How a system is classified depending on the value of damping?
- How does pipelining improve performance?
- What are hot electron?
- What are the performance parameters of first order system? What do they in
- Why do steady state errors aries?
- How can we reduce the sensitivity of closed loop system?
- How to determine the range of K for
- Which the system is stable using Routh stability criteria?
- What is error compensation method and how they affects on system performance?
- Suppose if the system equations are known in Jordan form. How do you test the properties of controllability?
- Explain the principles of causality and invariant imbedding. State and prove optimal control problem based on dynamic programming in discrete time system.
- Explain the popular inherent nonlinear elements and their functionalities.
- Explain how a static var compensator improves performance of the power system stability.
- Explain the need for fault analysis in power system.
- How to determine the swing equation of a single generator connected to a double circuit line through the transformer?
- Explain the popular inherent nonlinear elements and their Functionalities
- Practical significance of controllability criterion ?
- Why do we require multivariable control ? What are the effects of control l
- What alternatives are available to feedback control ?
- What is the use of Laplace Transform in control theory ?
- If you are given a system’s transfer function is it unique ? Or can other
- What is difference between nyquist plot, polar plot and bold plot ?
- What is the difference between lead and lag compensation ? 79.a) When do
- Why is negative feedback invariably preferred in closed loop system?
- Does pole-zero cancellation affect stability of the system ? For e.g.:
- Why decentralized control is used for power system protection?
- Basic aspects of modeling of decentralized control used for B. Tech projec
- What are the mathematical aspects of decentralized control of formations?
- Stability is the key issue in decentralized control, why?
- Could explain about Lyapunov stability used for solving problem.
- When dissipation inequality aries in controls?
- Usually Control Problems are difficult to solve? And why?
- How PID tuning is done for industrial process control?
- How performance of PID controller could be improved?
- Limitation of Cohen-Coon method of tuning.
- Is there any open source PID tuning software available?
- Can we recover or estimate the state Variables of the plant through the par
- Can we replace x the control law in LQR, i.e., u = - F x, by the estimated
- Do we still have impressive properties associated with LQG? Any solution?
- Are closed loop response acceptable for disturbances? Sensor noise?
- Explain mutual coupling in mesh analysis.
- What is use of millmans theorem in
polyphase circuit?
- How average value is found from fourier series?
- How powers are calculated in 3-phase system?
- How powers are calculated in 3-phase system?
- What information do poles and zeros provide in respect of network to which
- Under what condition the concept of driving point transfer function can be used?
- What is the physical significance of proportional,PD,PID, controller?
- How does the performance of an automatic control system is effected by a po
- what is Initial and final value theorem in z-domain
- How to verify whether the following graphs are isomorphic to each other.
- How is the Resonant Peak(Mr), resonant frequency(Wr) , and band Width deter
- Why is negative feedback invariably preferred in closed loop system?
- What is a
dominant pole?
- State and explain sampling theorem.
- State the condition for the complete controllability and observability in terms of pulse transfer function.
- Explain the effect sampling period on stability and steady state performanc
- What is state transition matrix? List out the properties and advantages of
- Prove that any set of n branches in a connected graph which contains no loo
- Explain behavior of capacitor transient input?
- Explain the basics of nyquist plot
- Explaining what is virtual ground?
- what is a route here with criteria
- Prove the weak form of Tellegen’s theorem. Given that Tellegen’s theo
- What is compensation? What is compensated system? What is compensator?
- What is the purpose of fuse? What are the requirements of good fuse?
- Explain the effect of derivative control action on system performance?
- How to formulate optimal control problem?
- can we calculate phase margin and gain margin for nyquist plot?
- What are the advantages of DB plotting?
- How to implement model reduction method in optimization model?
- What are periodic and non-periodic signals? Explain the condition for the p
- What is cut set matrix explain?
- How to interpret the sensitivity of the control system? And what does posit
- Will you elaborate on the real world applications of poles and zeros?
- How can we represent complex pole in bode plot i.e. ( real+Img constant)?
- Can we convert a spike to square wave? If yes how?
- How to control the position and speed of a motor with the controlled feedba
- What are the effects of integral control & derivative control? Why derivati
- What do you mean by state and state variable?
- Explain Routh’s stability criterion. What are the limitations of Routh -
- What is BIBO stability criterion?
- What is the application of LTI system?
- How one can design digital filter from analog filter?
- How is “Block Diagram” of a system useful?
- How does Force-Voltage and Force-Current analogy differ?
- How can we reduce the power consumer in domestic use?
- What is internal Operation Committer under running condition in a DC machine?
- House power voltage. How to find circuit current.
- How to explain real and reactive power partially?
- Explain about adaptive control theory
- When is a control method said to be robust?
- How can we represent complex pole in bode plot i.e( real + Img constant) ?
- Explain the kalman’s approach to determine the controllability?
- What is phase-plane plot?
- Explain the common physical Non-linearity’s?
- Explain Lyapunov stability theory?
- How information loss happens due to sampling.
- What is HVDC Light?
- Please explain the components of an HVDC transmission system.
- Explain the conditions to be satisfied for reconstruction of sampled signa
- How to differentiate velocity form and position form of Digital PID algorit
- What is meant by transmission and distribution (T&D)?
- What are the advantages of interconnected power system?
- What are the advantages of state space equation representation?
- Why do we need mathematical modeling of process?
- What are the steps involved to design a best controller?
- Why derivative mode of control is not recommended for a noisy process?
- What is the use of FFT in linear filtering?
- What is the need for multirate signal processing?
- What is the condition for linear phase?
- How gain scheduling can be applied in the system. What are relations betwee
- What are the Recursive Least Square (RLS) Technique and the purpose of usin
- How does topological structure of information flow affect stability of the
- What is the difference between metric and fundamental circuit?
- Explain edge connectivity and vertex connectivity of a graph
- What is the difference between absolute stability and relative stability?
- How is “Block Diagram” of a system useful?
- What is mean by asymptotic Stability?
- Antenna THEORY: why does radiation occurs when charge is accelerated , explain on microscopic level.
- What is the effect of sampling rate on transient response of Digital Control system?
- Can we design a device which can implement the impulse function?
- What are the applications of digital control system in electronic and telecommunication field?
- What are the practical applications of root locus in Bode plot?
- Is it true that digital control system is being used along with analog system?
- Explain the design procedure of state feedback controller.
- i) What is “self tuning control system”?
ii) What are the main functions in adaptive control system?
- What do you mean by state and state variable?
- What are the advantages of dB plotting?
- What is State-space representation in control?
- What is Gibb’s phenomenon?
- Discuss about the stability in open loop and closed loop control system.
- Explain the rules for sketching root locus.
- Explain Jury’s stability test.
- What are the application of open loop controller?
- Explain Lyapunov Stability.
- How bode plot use for gain margin and phase margin?
- Where root locus is use in control system?
- Is there any conflict in automatic control & artificial Intelligent system to control a system in future?
- What is the alternative to ladder programming in future?
- As you said automation is everywhere.Sir what is Robotic Process Automation and can we use it in Banking Industry especially post demonetization?
- What is anti aircraft gun control system?
- Why we consider transfer function from state space model is closed loop can we prove this or sometimes it may be open loop also?
- How Rouths criterion work?
- What is the proportional integral differential controller?
- What is the MASONs gain formula?
- Where open loop and close loop control system are used? Please give me some example.
- How to formulate the optimal control problem?
- How to build an optimal control?
- What is sub-optimal control? The methods of sub-optimal control for discrete time system.
- What are application of multidimensional system in digital image processing?
- What is lyapunov stability and how it describe dynamic system?
- Why negative feedback is preferred in the control system?
- Where servomechanism is used in the control system?
- How time response of the system is divided?
- What is the used of Bode plot and Nyquist plot?
- Why is hold operation needed in a digital control system? How to derive expression of T.F. 01 a simple type of hold-circuit?
- Why is z-transform useful in analysis of digital control systems?
- How to define stability of digital control systems? Why is R-Hcriterion not directly applicable in stability analysis of such systems?
- Explain the Routh Hurwitz Criteria for determining the stability of a system.
- How to explain the second order time domain specifications of a control system?
- Explain the terminologies associated with Signal Flow Graphs with a suitable example.
- What are the advantages of state space approach over classical methods and how to obtain the state variable equation with necessary block diagrams and derivations?
- How to derive an expression for the peak overshoot for a second order control system subjected to a unit step input?
- What is phase lead compensator? How derive its transfer function?
- If a zero is added to a second order under damped system then why peak overshoot is increased?
- What are applications of position control systems other than the missile guidance and radar tracking?
- How to derive the expressions and draw the response of first order system for unit step input?
- How to draw the response of second order system for critically damped case and when input is unit step?
- How to derive the expressions for Rise time, Peak time, and Peakovershoot?
- Why derivative controller is not used in control system?
- How is RSA used for authentication in practice? What are RSA digital signatures?
- What is authenticated Diffie-Hellman key agreement?
- Is the use of DSA covered by any patents?
- How does the length of a hash value affect security?
- What is an important disadvantage of using a public key algorithm compared to a symmetric algorithm?
- What is Blakley's secret sharing scheme?
- What are the cryptanalysis tools available for comparing standard algorithms with modified ones?
- Explain the Routh Hurwitz criteria for determining the stability of a system.
- Which attacking method nowadays is more efficient of solving elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem? Why?
- What is phase lead compensator? How derive its transfer function?
- Explain the regulator and follow-up closed loop control system with examples.
- What are the Proportional controller and Integral controller?
- How to obtain response equation for a first order mechanical system subjected to unit step input?
- How to obtain the transfer function of field controlled DC motor?
- What are the types of compensators used? Please explain the need for system compensation.
- Explain the Controllability and Observability with example.
- What is Lag compensator?
- What is Lead compensator?
- Could you please explain Distributed control system(DCS) and Programmable logic controller(PLC). Why DCS is faster than PLC?
- How to define with respect to Nyquist plot, Gain Margin, Phase margin, Relative Stability?
- Derive an expression for response of 1st order system for unit step input.
- What are the practical applications of servomechanism?
- What is the use of Masons gain formula?
- When an electric induction motor is 15% loaded? Then why power factor is relatively high?
- What conclusion can be made if there is a row of all zeroes in the Routh array?
- How to derive a formula of state transition matrix and also explain its properties.
- When the maximum phase lead occurs in lead compensator?
- What are the characteristics of a constrained problem and what are its classification?
- Explain about penalty function method.
- What control algorithm for position control of BLDC gimbal motor?
- What is the latest trend in Repetitive Control or Iterative Learning Control Systems?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Proportional controller and Integral controller?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of transfer function?
- What are the basic elements used for modeling mechanical translational system?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of feedback systems?
- For what purpose feedback circuits are used in the system?
- What are the standard test signals employed for time domain studies?
- How are control systems classified in accordance with the number of integrations in the open loop transfer function?
- For what purpose Laplace transform is used in control system?
- Explain S and T sensitivity and the waterbed effect?
- What are the benefits of using higher order controllers vs terminal sliding mode controllers? What are the new ideas in finite-time control method?
- Which is stable system? The one for which the output response is bounded for all bounded input or which exhibits an unbounded response to a bounded input?
- Why routh stability method uses closed loop transfer function?
- Which attacking method nowadays is more efficient of solving Elliptic
Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem? Why?
- How is the combining algebraic cryptanalysis with other types of
cryptanalytic attacks ?
- Is there any complete secure technique in steganography for hiding image in different kind of video format?
- Algorithm for Stochastic Approach for Link-Structure Analysis (SALSA)?
- Electrical
- What exactly a current source mean? according to name it’s a source which
- What to improve the efficiency of the solar cell?
- Why and when we use single phase and three phases?
- Is it possible to obtain the fourier transform of a speed signal
- What is a controllability of a control system?
- Sir plz tell me why do capacitor block DC current? Is it really related to
- What are the applications of the venin’s theorem. Norton’s and super po
- Usually we connect an extension cod to say a 5 amps socket and even supply
- nductor and capacitor are called as passive components, however they don’
- Can u plz explain the physics lying behind lagging and leading of current w
- Why the speed due to nth harmonic becomes 1/nth of the synchronous speed in
- What is the effect of operating frequency on the rating of transformer and
- Why in india we follow 250v/50Hz whereas few countries follow 60Hz supply?
- We know s=?+jw but in control systems why do we usually substitute s=jw.
- what are the ways tot avoid FERRANTI Effect on transmission lines ?
- what are the different methods to turn on the thyristor? What losses occur
- How to study principle of digital techniques?
- A network made of resistive elements is given like black box.Input/Output v
- Why is a twisted paid not used for LAN connectivity?/ Why padding is requir
- What is the Integrated Noise Model?
- what is intermodulation product? what are the causes for its occurance?what
- -Explain the potential applications of TRIAC.
- How to Make a Programmer for PIC16F628 Microcontroller "
- How do you set OCV (On Chip Variation) in the tool you used? How does STA (
- Why does a positive charge attract a negative charge? I know the answer lie
- "In AM Wave DSB-SC if carrier wave has to be supressed than why is it gener
- we all know that broadband comes from international gateway to our home by
- what is intermodulation product? what are the causes for its occurance?what
- I have a basic question on DC Motors. For a DC Motor, the formula S=(Va-Ia*
- What is the difference between linear system and non-linear system?How non-
- how was a latch invented and how did they come to know that by feedbacking
- What is the role of a capacitor in a clamping circuit. how it functions? St
- What are the future trends in distributed control system considering indust
- What is a polar plot?
- What is the effect on the polar plot if non-sero pole is added to the trans
- What is the application of Nichols chart?
- Effect of adding poles & zero to a second order liner system?
- What is Error compensation methods and their effects on system performance?
- What is sensitivity ? How can we reduce the sensitivity of closed loop syst
- what is spectral occupany in communication engg
- what is power relation in AM system ??
- WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ABSOLUTE ENCODER AND INCREMENTAL ENCODER ??
- what is the wireless access subscriber unit(WASU) and how does it work?
- What are the advantages of eigenvalue and eigenvector based methods over La
- how does the speech signal have negative frequency component in it
- How can u remove noise from a high frequency digital circuit without attenu
- Sir what would be the effect on the efficiency of transformer at same leadi
- What are the advantages of eigenvalue and eigenvector based methods over La
- What is the basis for framing the rules of block diagram reduction techniqu
- What is sink and source?
- what is the analogous electrical elements in force voltage analogy for the
- what is significance of s parameter matrix in electromagnetic
- I have tried to implement an amplitude shift keying circuit using a NMOS as
- How does a step-up chopper work?
- What is a free wheeling diode? Explain its advantages
- Why all AC supplies are of 3 phase? Is it possible to have an AC supply of
- What is Channel-stop Implantation?
- What is Latch ? up?
- What is Lay-out design rule? what is different between Lambda design rules
- What is the physical significance of Poynting Vector?
- What is Shannon-Fano coding technique and how is it different from Huffman coding and also what is the need for finding the probability?
- In source coding (The Huffman Coding or Shannon-Fano) how do we find the pr
- Why the DC drives systems unsuitable for energy saving applications of pumps or fans?
- Explain the principles of resistance firing circuit and resistance capacitance firing circuit.
- Why we step down voltage level from 33kv to 11kv and 11kv to 415v? Instead we can step down voltage from 33kv to 415v directly using single transformer.
- Why the earth hole size is biggest in plug point?
- why earth hole size is biggest in plug point?
- why the pic micro controller have three timers??
- Is CDMA superior to GSM?What is the difference between the two? Why is GSM
- What is processor sharing and where is it used?
- What are dependent and independent sources?
- What is equal area criteria? What is multi
machine system? What is meant by
stalling of asynchronous loads?
- What is equal area criteria? What is multi machine system? What is meant by stalling of asynchronous loads?
- What are Dependent and Independent Sources?
- How can energy be stored in electric field?
- In microcontroller why processor is used why not controller?
- Why there a need of representing the gain of an amplifier, attenuation in a signal or signal to noise ratio in db(decibel)?
- Why do we need a controlled charging
for Lithium ion battery and why is it not
available for higher voltages?
- What is the 3 dB cutoff frequency? Why is it 3 dB and not 1 dB?
- What is a Petri Net?
- Is there any danger in using my 2 prong
adapter/power strip combo for most appliances? Should I spread my things around as many outlets as possible, or does that not make a difference?
How many watts can a typical outlet support? If I have the typical setup with one outlet on top of another, is it better to divide my usage between the two, or can I plug everything into a single powerstrip?
I’m already low on outlets but there are a ton of light sockets mounted all around the walls - can I use one
of those socket to outlet adapters for another power strip?
Are these as safe as standard outlets?
- Is there any danger in using my 2 prong
adapter/power strip combo for most appliances? Should I spread my things around as many outlets as possible, or does that not make a difference?
- How many watts can a typical outlet support? If I have the typical setup with one outlet on top of another, is it better to divide my usage between the two, or can I plug everything into a single power strip? I’m already low on outlets but there are a ton of light sockets mounted all around the walls - can I use one of those socket to outlet adapters for another power strip? Are these as safe as standard outlets?
- Studying the rotation of particle under the influence of rotating electric field. How to produce rotating fluid?
- How can we reduce the carbon emissions from power generating plants?
- Which methods are useful to develop to integrate renewable power technology
- What is the difference between
electronics and power electronics?
- What are the duties and responsibilities of a power electronics engineering
- Why the DC drives system unsuitable for energy saving applications of pumps
- How to control the position and speed of a motor with the controlled feedba
- What happens when HLT instruction is executed in processor?
- Why crystal is a preferred clock source?
- Which interrupts are generally used for critical events?
- What is meant by crosscompiler
- I have the direction cosines for a vector in 3d
space. Is it possible to f
- How to relate sound/audio power with electrical power?
- Why regulation is required for alternator?
- What Factors should we consider while synchronizing two DG Sets?
- What are the disadvantages of leading P.F (power factor)?
- Discuss how switching between register banks is possible?
- What are the disadvantages of leading P.F (power factor)?
- What is LBB relay?
- What is the use of SFR?
- Why dc is not given to transformer
- How Zener diode can be
used to make a dc power
supply which maintains,
- Describe how VoIP works.
- It is noted that when a car is travelling from Mumbai to Nashik with car ra
- What is Forced or Steady State Response of a circuit?
- What is Source Transformation?
- What are the components used in LED message display board
- How do you design for future smart grids?
- Can we use a Potential Transformer for Auxilliary Power supply (Spring
cha
- How to increase the reliability of your protection scheme with dual-power feeder management relay?
- How can we reduce the carbon emissions from power generating plants?
- Voltage rise and fluctuations have a direct impact on feeder voltage profiles. How does it affect the performance of transformers in voltage and in to capacitor points?
- Will questions concerning power quality & regulation reserves require data with time resolutions as multiple seconds?
- Why are the DC drive systems unsuitable for energy saving applications of pumps or fans?
- How are the principles of resistance firing cicuit and resistance capacitan
- Why electronic circuits are used maximum of 30 volts, why not more than that?
- Why the output of an op-amp depends on biasing voltage?
- What is the purpose of the package around a microprocesor silicon die?
- Why the pic micro controller have three timers?
- Why we step down voltage level from 33kv to 11kv and 11kv to 415v.Instead w
- Which type of fading cause serious distortion of modulated signal?
- As we increase the drain voltage of an MOS transistor. The current intially
- How to design Transformer?
- What is Demand Response support In Smart Power Grid?
- Explain why power flow studies are essential and vital parts of power
syst
- How an Unbalanced set of three phase voltages can be represented by
system
- What is the best technique for balancing supply and demand of power?
- What is “equal area criterion” in connection with transient stability?
- We have a power supply and we need to design a controller for the loop. We
- e are going to connect a controlled power converter to the AC mains. What
- Sir, Can you please explain the Electric power in terms of rate of doing wo
- ow can I control diode reverse recovery currents without increasing the
sw
- What is important in using digital or microprocessor control of power
elec
- Sir could you please tell me that an idea how to control the reactive power
- The problem with explanations for this question is that in the s domain cap
- Why is "resonant mode power supply" more efficient than SMPS?
- Which among the following power supplies will be most energy-efficient if o
- Discuss briefly about counter-current braking of DC Shunt Motor.
- Explain the advantages of variable frequency induction motor drives?
- How stationary wavelet transformation can overcome in lack of discrete wavelet transformation?
- What is meant by canonic structure?
- What is envelope detector? Where does it find its application? Under what conditions an envelope detector fails to allow the envelope to be detected?
- Please explain about the impact of Fabrication Process on physical design.
- What are the standard tests signals used for analyzing a control system?
- Write Force-Voltage and Force-Current analogy.
- Where does free electron lies? Does it lies in a orbit of any atom? If no t
- What is the principle of operation of SCR inverter?
- How does the voltage regulation of alternator work?
- How does a self-excited d.c machine work?
- What kinds of cables can I use for a 3-phase service?
- How does slip power recovery schemes work?
- What are the field control methods used for D.C series motor for speed cont
- What are the applications of Signal Flow Graph?
- For most Ac Electrical supplies for land application 50hertz or 60 hertz is
- How does the Servo Motor works and list its applications in present day to
- why dowe use enable terminal EMAKS?
- It is very clear that proper condition monitoring is required for any machi
- How does a dc generator builds up emf?
- What are the factors to be considered in the choice of specific magnetic lo
- What are the factors to be considered in the selection of number of poles i
- what is difference between voltage commuted and current commuted Choppers.
- How does a step-up chopper work? 4. What is a free wheeling diode?
- What is steady state error? How does it occurs?
- How is a signal flow graph useful in
control theory?
- What are the advantages of DB plotting?
- Explain how does a no load phasor diagram look for a single phase transformer.
- Explain the thermal runaway phenomenon in amplifiers.
- How can the efficiency of a transformer may be found from the open circuit and short circuit tests?
- Explain the thermal runaway phenomenon in amplifiers.
- What is the function of slip in an induction motor?
- How can we determine the regulation of an alternator by synchronous impedance method?
- What is the technique adopted for speed control of a three-phase induction
- Sir, what is the difference between Neutral and Ground
- Give the interpretation of eye pattern?
- State and explain the sampling theorem for bandpass signals.
- What is interpolation? What are the various interpolation methods?
- What are the major sources of quantizing errors in DM? How are they reduced
- Explain binary cyclic codes with practical examples. What is burst error co
- How can we find efficiency of a transformer from the open circuit and short
- What kind of cables are the most suitable one for a 3-phase service?
- How does a DC generator builds up e.m.f?
- What are the scaling methods available or VLSI physical design?
- How do I explain the working of a nuclear power generation plan with sche
- What is the need of stabilizing an operating point
- How -ve feedback in amplifiers increases signal to noise ratio and bandw
- What is meant by thermal instability in
transistors?
- What is the effect of reverse bias on the width of PN junction and why?
- How transistor amplifies the input signal?
- Which is the heavily doped among Base, Emitter and Collector in
transistor
- Due to increase in temperature also increase in doping the forbidden gap of silicon decreases. Why?
- Why the chirp is an appropriate signal to measure the magnitude frequency response of a system?
- What are the characterastics/features that make the grid called smart grid
- What is Self-healing in smart grid
- Whether the smart grid will lead to the power price rise or it will make po
- If one terminal of a charged capacitor is connected to the ground while the other terminal open, will the capacitor discharge? Will a battery discharge this way?
- How is Power electronics different from Linear Electronics ?
- What are the characteristics/features that make the grid called smart grid
- What is Self-healing in smart grid
- Whether the smart grid will lead to the power price rise or it will make po
- What is smart power generation and it can be used for nonconventional energ
- If one terminal of a charged capacitor is connected to the ground while th
- Why CT signals are represented by samples. ?
- What are the operation performed on a signal ?
- How can you design a digital filter from analog filter ?
- Idea on voltageinjection capabilities of STATCOM ( static compensator ) sag
- State space equation approach for laplace domain.
- Why (+ve ‘S’ root’s) +ve half plane poles are implies unstability in pole zero plane (S plane)?
- From where the value 50 Hz and 230V (1 ph) comes from? How did we define these values?
- Instead of conventional style of base station and mobile station so why don’t we try a automatic technique?
- Draw the nyquist plot for the following transfer function: G(s) H(s) = 10 k (s+2) / s3 + 3s2 + 10.
Determine the range of k for which system is stable.
- What are the effects of ceiling of VT?
- Cascaded invertors can drive large capacitive loads. Explain how.
- Why is metal to metal spacing larger than poly to poly?
- What do you mean by absolute stability
and relative stability?
- What varies in flow of electron in an AC current & DC current?
What is the need for controlling output voltage of invertors?
- What is ergodic process in communication system ?
- How is spectral density of white noise defined ?
- Why SSB is not preferred for transmission of good quality of signal?
- Sir, How Entropy is maximum when all source outputs have equal probability?
- Sir, What is direct and indirect phase Modulation?
- Why linear amplifier alone should be used after modulation in AM circuits?
- Name source coding techniques used in the following types of files and cla
- Explain role of Fermat’s Little theorem and Chinese Remainder theorem in
- which factor affects the choice of the intermediate frequency
- Sir, What is TELEMETRY ? Why is necessary to use it an instrumentation syst
- What is probable Hacks on Cryptography?
- Explain how and why a language modal can be usefully employed in connected
- How voiced speech and unvoiced speech is modeled in a CELP encoder?
- Why do we use reactors in power system?
- What is mean by critical clearing angle?
- What is necessity of having slack bus in a power system?
- What Advantages of symmetrical component of analysis of asymmetrical faults
- What is speech recognition and also its speech analysis? What is meant by spectral variance of signal?
- What is known as speech synthesis or text-to-speech synthesis?
- What do u mean by symmetrical & Unsymmetrical faults in a 3phase power syst
- What is “acceleration factor” ? Why is it used in load flow studies?
- What is companding in PCM-system?
- What is SNR? Explain the effect of amplification and cascade connection on
- In FM broadcasting, what should be the maximum frequency deviation? Who has
- What is effect of an additional zero and additional pole to the standard se
- What are the performance parameters of a first order system? What do they i
- What do steady state errors arise? Derive the steady state errors of closed
- What cause an entire row of zeros to show up in Routh table?
- Explain different methods adopted for power factor correction.
- Methods of reactive power compensation.
- What are the regions of operation of MOSFET? How are they defined?
- What are the requirements for an error correction code?
- Explain the term ‘diversity combining’ as used in radio links.
- Which is notion of tunneling? What is the relationship between mobile IP discovery and ICMP?
- Explain the double field revolving theory of single phase induction motor
- What is basic principle of operation of differential relay. What is meant b
- The resistance of the pn junction is low when forward biased and is high wh
- Hi, Why are Sine Waves So Used and important?
- If the emitter and base of n-p-n transistor have same doping concentration
- How to Build an RC Type Differentiating Circuit
- The gain of common emitter amplifier is given by Av= -gmRL. dose it mean th
- How does the performance of an automatic control system is effected by a po
- What will happen if a zero is added in the forward path of a second-order
- Why derivative control is never used alone?
- Sir, what is the difference between controllability and observability?
- What will be the values of the settling time, maximum overshoot and the steady state error to a unit step input?
- Tell me about Force-Voltage and
Force-Current analogy.
- Explain the significance of slack bus in
load flow analysis.
- Can you please tell us the different HVDC projects in india?
- What is the main objective of FACTS
Technology? How does the static volt
compensator improving power system
stability?
- Explain the need for inversion of Y bus for large systems.
- Dear Sir, Explain us the need for fault analysis in power system?
- Distribution standard voltages are 4.16kV, 12.47kV, 13.2kV, 13.8kV and 34.5kV i.e. range is from 5kV to 34.5kV. Why we cannot use higher voltages directly?
- What is the meaning of economic dispatch using shared generators?
- Explain the need for inversion of Y bus for large systems.
- How transient stability limit is less steady state stability limit?
- Distribution standard voltages are 4.16kV, 12.47kV, 13.2kV, 13.8kV, and 34
- What is back emf and state its significance with respect to DC motors?
- What are the losses in transformer? Why rating of transformer in KVA and n
- Which are the important FACTS devices?
- Explain the behavior of ac through pure
capacitor and how average power
consumed here is zero?
- How to get the approximate equivalent circuit of 1 phase transformer by open circuit and short circuit test?
- Explain production of rotating magnetic field by graphical approach.
- Why single phase induction motors are not self starting?
- Explain effect of temperature on resistance of different material.
- Explain effect of temperature on resistance of different material.
- Why it is desirable in concatenative synthesis to be able to control the pitch and duration of speech segment without affecting their format frequencies?
- What is PSOLA algorithm? Where it is applicable in real life?
- What is the use of Line spectral frequency (LSF) in speech coding for telecommunication?
Explain the important differences between covariance LPC and autocorrelation LPC for performing the analysis of a speech signal of several duration.
- Explain with a neat sketch the architecture of CLBS available in xilinx XC3000 series FPGA.
- Why a transistor cannot be used as rectifier?
- The power delivered is maximum if the load impedance is equal to the supply
- What is Z parameter of a two port network. How can I obtain Z parameter of
- What is inrush current?
- How to remove 60Hz noise in an recorded audio signal from microphone ?
- What is use of windowing in digital filters
- What is Gibbs phenomenon ?
- In signal processing, why we are much more interested in orthogonal transf
- Why is FFT faster than DFT? 108.aWhat is the actual concept behind this ?
- What is the concept of stability of an LTI system ? 109.a)How to check if
- What is load flow and power flow study?
- Why do we go for iterative methods to solve flow problems?
- What is positive sequence impedance?
- What is the use swing curve?
- What is the drawback in series connected capacitor?
- Under what scenarios protective relay will fail to detect a fault in the po
- What are all the issues in selecting a transformer for power transmission i
- Guidelines for relay protection and coordination in power plants.
- Is high power transformers are more prone for power accident and why?
- Is high power transformers are more prone for power accident and why?
- Causes of transformer failure in India.
- Detecting power swings in a transmission, impedance-base methods are the standard methods.
- Measures to improve Voltage Profile of distribution systems.
- What is the function of freewheeling diodes in controlled rectifier?
- Tell us the use of shaded – pole motor, capacitor start motor, DC series
- What is diode storage and reverse recovery time?
- In a tap changing transformer where is the tap connected, is it connected in the primary side or secondary side?
- Why we use ac system in india why not dc?
- How are amplifiers classified according to the transistor configuration?
- What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star transformer?
- Why single phase induction motor has low power factor?
- What are the new speech processing strategies based on wavelet packet transform?
- What are the most popular DSP processors?
- Tell us about different kind of audio processing algorithms.
- What are the factors which have to be considered in automatic recognition of isolation, during speech vs silence discrimination?
How zero-crossing rate method used to classify the speech signal into voiced, unvoiced signal?
Please explain the mechanism of speech production.
- Explain the temporal processing in a time-frequency space
- Why LPC analysis has problems in estimation accurately the spectral envelo
- Why the performance of speech recognition system operative over the telephone can often be improved by the process known as cepstral mean subtraction?
- What are the steps to be followed for image processing?
- In video compression, Bi-directional predicted frames/ slices ( B- frames/
- What are the steps involved in lossy compressors coding methods for compre
- What are the measure to improve signal to noise ratio in practical way?
- What are the practical significance of mother wavelet?
- Will a PV system heat my hot water?
- What is the SDF solar PV Grant Program? How does the SDF PV Solar. Q.188.a)
- What is dark current?
- Superlattice, Quantum dot and Buried junction designs have impact on the da
- the solar photovoltaic panels are so costlier?
- What are the basic components of a photovoltaic, system and describe their
- What are the different types of substrate materials used in optical wave gu
- How long do solar electronic PV panels last?
- How long do solar electronic PV panels last?
- How can I put an inexpensive starter solar system together?
- Do the solar panels store energy?
- Explain the working of two devices that use solar energy.
- What is Radiation? What are source of radiation?
- Why semiconductors are used in solar cells not conductors. Q.181.a) How sol
- I’m a bit confused about how solar cells work.
My understanding is that
- Why does a semiconductor hole have a mass?
- What is difference between the optoelectronics and photovoltaic?
- What are the nanodot materials?
- Can the optoelectronics devices can operate on infrared source?
- In what kind of application, single phase induction motor is used?
- Please discuss the pros and cons of different types of UPS? Q.196.a) What
- Explain the different addressing modes in microprocessor.
- What kind of technologies used for generating synthetic speech waveform?
- What is application of speech coding?
- What is the difference between centralized, decentralized and distributed c
- What are cooperative control applications?
- What is known as Cyclically separable graphs?
- Explain Adaptive algorithms for load distributed system.
- How Matrix polynomials is used in linear system theory?
- How we detect device is failure due to latchup and how do we prevent.
- Positive Bias Temperature Instabilities in devices.
- What are cooperative control applications?
- Is there an instruction to rotate a register through carry?
- Is it possible to modify the PC register (Program counter) with an instruct
- Are all instructions executed within one instruction cycle?
- Are all instructions executed within one instruction cycle?
- What development tools, such as emulators, development boards and compilers
- The high-speed microcontroller doesn’t work in my old 8051 design. Why?
- Explain the concept of CMOS and domino CMOD. How these structures are used to reduce the number of gates?
- What is frequency re-use? How is UWB (ultra-wideband) different from Blueto
- If my computer is connected to wireless LAN, can it communicate with comput
- Do we need special equipment to connect to WiMax networks?
- Difference between the communication and transmission
- How performance is improves in CSMA/CD protocol compared to CSMA protocol?
- Explain about Micro-actuators
- Which is fastest among the following technologies: CMOS, BiCMOS, TTL, ECL?
- Why is static power dissipation very low in CMOS technology when compared to others?
- What is meant by 90nm technology?
- Why PMOS and NMOS are sized equally in a transmission gates?
- How is the RETIC implemented as a VLSI field computer?
- What differentiates an analog system from a digital system & vice versa?
- High voltage
Engineering
- Project base on VLSI
- Give some low power design techniques.
- What happens to delay if load capacitance is increased?
- Why is size of pmos transistor chosen to be close to three times of an
nmo
- In a simple inverter circuit, if the pmos in the Pull-Up Network is
replac
- How the transfer Characteristics of CMOS
- VOH & VIL Level
- Which are the artifacts can be present in EEG signal, and how it can be rem
- What is Heart Rate Variability (HRV)? How HRV analysis can be done in Frequ
- Why is an EEG signal described in statistical terms?
- How marginal density functions are computed from given their joint distribu
- Give the condition for the density function to be valid
- How does prony’s method analyze the visual evoked signals? What is differ
- How does adaptive filter adjusts the parameters to the available sample?
- Basic of convolution in time domain that is related to continuous signal &
- Can you explain the difference between energy signal & power signal?
- In terms of transitions use to say input incidence of transits should be
- Please explain Construction and Output characteristic of N-channel JFET.
- What is LVDT?
- Please tell us the working principal of bridge rectifier with LC filter, w
- Kindly Explain me double field revolving theory for single phase Induction
- Explain the mechanisms of fundamental absorption (FA) and stimulated emissi
- Explain low of mass action for extentic semi conduction.
- Tell us about software that is used for molding with semi conductor devices
- tell us basic book of semi conductor material
- What is the meaning of “inversion” in the context of a semiconductor La
- Tell us about the application of semiconductor based spintronic devices
- What are Pumped storage plants
- Why does loss of synchronism occur
- What is the reason for Breakdown of cables
- What is frequency of transmission in India
- How can we obtain convergence in iterative techniques
- What are deterministic and random signals?
- What is memory system and memory less system?
- What is SISO system and MIMO system?
- From the histogram, what type of characteristics of an image can be obtaine
- What is the output of the system with system function H1
And H2 when conne
- Why impulse invariant method is not preferred in the design of HR filters o
- Give reasons, why, starters are required for starting a motor
- Why single phase induction motor is not self starting?
- Explain the word back emf used for a dc motor and highlight its
significan
- How does a three-phase synchronous motor differ from a three-phase induction motor? Give a few applications of synchronous motors.
- Differentiate between the ‘squirrel cage’ and ‘phase wound’ rotor t
- Explain the different methods for the starting of a synchronous motor
- What are the different methods of measurement of power in 3-phase
circuit.
- What are the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it be improved?
- In silicon spintronics, some of the qu alities of ferromagnetic
materials
- How many multiplication terms are required for doing DFT by expressional
- Why IIR Filters are designed for analog filters?
- What is major difference between IIR and FIR filters?
- How can you design a digital filter from analog filter?
- Show the use of feedback in control system reduces the sensitivity of the s
- What is regenerative feedback?
- What is correlation between time domain and frequency domin response of a s
- Which is use in the design of a system base on the frequency domain informa
- Give me information on Speed control of D.C. motor using feedback
- Prove that the polar plot of the high –pass RC circuit is a semi-circle.
- What is minimum phase & non-minimum phase system
- What is the effect on the polar plot if a non-zero is added to the transfer
- Give the Various Sources of power dissipation in digital CMOS circuits and
- How process variation can cause variation in speed? Concept of Design Corne
- Explain the concept of floor planning?
- What do you mean by clock skew and clock jitter and how it can be estimated
- What software used for measuring simulations below 180 nanometer.
- Explain metal migtation in interconnect.
- Explain the need of frequency compensation in CMOS operation amplifer
- What is constant field scaling in MOS device?
- What is sub-threshold conduction?
- What is the application of power electronics in excitation system for alter
- State the conditions for getting inversion mode of operation in case of lin
- What is the color video how do you capturing video and how is it sampling methods?
- Sir, what is the effect of source inductance on performance
of converter?
- What is position uncertainty and velocity uncertainty?
- Sir, what is the basic requirements for the successful
triggering of thyri
- Sir, what is speed control methods of dc shunt machine by armature voltag
- How voltage at receiving end changes with change in reactive power flow in transmission system while voltage at sending end, real power flow and load angle is kept constant?
- What are the application of power electronics for wind energy
utilization
- Why are thyristors popular in static circuit breakers
- What is over voltage protection? What are the protective circuit that minimize the effect of over voltage?
- What are causes of low power factor of the supply system and
what all ways
- What is resistance grounding and neutral grounding? What is use
of resista
- Explain Carrier generation processes
& recombination processes.
- What is drift & diffusion?
- Mention any four suitable materials for Electro Luminescent devices.
- Compare modern control theory with conventional control theory?
- Can you explain what is S transform ?
- Explain the concept of controllability and observability, with the conditio
- What is phase- plane plot ? Describe delta method of drawing phase- plane t
- How can you explain the physical significance of multiframe to the reference signal and the input signal to obtain the control signal in frequency domain?
- What is the physical significance on impulse function ?
- What are the innovations in interconnects
in VLSI physical design? Explain.
- Explain the realation between z-transform and discrete time fourier transfo
- What are the differences between copper and aluminum windings?
Copper ha
- What will happen if transformers are operated at non-nameplate voltages? C
- Can I achieve specific sound levels in a transformer?
- Show the mapping from s-plane to z-plane using impulse invariance method an
- How dynamic gates work :
- 37. What is the use of bi-directional buffers?
- 44. How does the microprocessor differentiate between data and instruction?
- Distinguish between the memories mapped I/O peripheral I/O?
- What is BIOS function call in 8086 � p?
- w the stick diagram and mask layout for an 8:1 n MOS inverter circuit. Both
- Why is Storage space of Machine level language more than that of Assembly L
- What is the use of terminal count register?
- Current Saturation in MOS Transistor
- what happens when drain voltage is above 1.5v in MOS transistor?
- Why does current suddenly zero and why does current constant at MOS transis
- If there is a conflict of ideas about image processing tasks with your team
- How do you write test cases for an application developed in image processin
- Explain the region split and merge technique for segmentation.
- If you go on dilating an image repeatedly with a structuring element, what
- Inverse filtering is the simplest method for image restoration. Still, why do we need to go for other restoration paradigms like Least Mean Squares or Constrained Least Squares?
-
Why is padding an image necessary before we apply filtering in the freque
- How image acquired using a single sensor?
- Sir, how Lossy compression of the image makes the image loose smooth inform
- How one-dimensional FFT algorithms can be used to compute two dimensional D
- Why carrier wave is always a sine wave?
- What is the importance of Gaussian process in communication theory?
- when and why are we using frequency modulation for satellite communication
- What are the modulation schemes used in mobile communication
- Is it possible to make circuit of differentiator using OP-AMP? What are the
- How four bit combined binary adder and subtractor circuit can be
construct
- What is the best technique for balancing supply and demand of power??
- Explain why power flow studies are essential and vital parts of power system
- How can we integrate the systems of power generation, distribution and tran
- Is it possible to convert single phase power supply to the three phase?
- In an AC transmission line(3 phase), if there is a short between any
two p
- What is the reason of power development in synchronous generator due to saliency?
- How power saving takes place through VFD?
- Explain the purpose of the package that is present around a microprocessor
- What is the construction of a Solar Cell? How is EMF generated?
- I have 12v solar panel and a 12v dynamo, by connecting them in a series I get 24v output and I have to charge the battery of 36v. What type of converter is more efficient and cheaper?
- how can we calculate the efficiency of a solar panel
- What type of application would use a photovoltaic cell?
- How Is PV different from other solar energy technologies?
- How long do the solar modules usually lasts?What happens during a blackout?
- How to know if there is sunlight for PV?
- What is a “grid-tie” PV system?
- What are the differences between monocrystalline and polycrystalline PV pan
- Do the appliances connected to an economy tariff meter, such as my pool p
- Do the solar panels take more energy to make than they generate.
- What is the Feed In Tariff?
- Are toxic chemicals used to make the panels?
- What is the response time of cadmium sulfide (CdS) in photoconductive cells
- 5.What is Sub-Optimal control?Define the Sub-optimal Control for discrete t
- What is the difference between inverter and ups
- What is transient analysis, frequency domain analysis? How is done in circuit simulation?
- How is Power electronics different from Linear Electronics?
- Is it possible to generate Dc directly? Is there any country using dc for a
- Can condition monitoring improve its efficiency? If yes, what is the best m
- Why the brushes in DC motor are given in backward shift?
- Why the reverse current exist in zener diode.
- What is the range of the stator resistance of 3 phase induction motor?
- What is meant by virtual ground in the op amp?
- What is the necessity of harmonics in electrical field?
- Why do we use zener diode as voltage regulator?
- When transistors are used in digital circuits they usually operate in which
- What is the main difference between power diode and single diode?
- Differentiate between fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel based energy sources
- Comment whether solar energy can be used to fulfill world’s energy requir
-
Explain function of electronic ballast.
-
What are the List the names of semiconductors used for solar cell applica
-
How do you categorize device fabrication.
- Distinguish between direct and indirect energy band gap. Classify semiconductor
- Distinguish between direct and indirect energy band gap. Classify semicondu
-
In solar cell photon break a part hole pair or create them.
- Explain the maximum possible wavelength that a Si based solar cell would ab
- How do solar cell bypass diode in silicon crystal line photo voltaic
- What is the construction of solar cell?
-
What is mechanism of charge separation in solar cell?
-
Can we make solar cell at home.
- What is the significance of semiconductor quantum dot.
- Define free electrons in a semiconductor & Differentiate P-type and N-type
- List acceptor and donor impurities for Si.
- Why almost all large size Synchronous machines are constructed with rotatin
- Why do cylindrical Alternators operate with steam turbines?
- What are the advantages of salient pole type construction used for Synchron
- Why is the stator core of Alternator laminated?
- Different between synchronous phase modify and synchronous phase conductanc
- AC to DC Converter why should power factor coerced for reactive load.
- All the thruster is replaced by diode then how is waveforms Witching?
- What is the best technique for balancing supply and demand of power?
- Explain why power flow studies are essential and vital parts of power syste
- Why almost all large size synchronous machines are constructed with rotatin
- Does HVDC mode of transmission has an economic advantage over EHV-AC transm
- Justify Why we are using Sinusidol wave in all electrical systems?
- Which FACTS device is suitable for congestion management.
- What do you mean by flexible AC transmission system.
- Which is better between electrical rheostat regulator and electronic regula
- For most A.C electrical supplies for land applications are 50Hz or 60 Hz. H
- In which system DC power flow and AC power flow applied?
- Which FACTS device is more suitable for damping of a Oscillation.
- How power saving takes place through VFD?
- How does electrical degree differ from mechanical degree?
- What is the relation between electrical degree and mechanical degree?
- Why are Alternators rated in kVA and not in kW?
- What are voltage controlled techniques in invertors?
- What is the necessity for predetermination of voltage regulation?
- Why application servermotors are replace with induction motor for boatel fi
- Power quality is affected by power devices, How can it be improved.
- What is noise immunity? Explain why cmos has good noise immunity
- Explain various sourses of powerdissipation in digital with their merits an
- What is the real problem of watchdog timer?
- How does a microprocessor respond to a button under an RTOS.What are the ad
- How voltage at receiving end changes with change in reactive power flow in
- What is the role of array processor for image processing?
- What is importance of image enhancement in image processing?
- How do you write test cases for an application developed in image processin
- Why IGBT is very popular nowadays?
- What are the methods of reducing harmonics in inverter output & performance
- Which tool is suitable for color image processing and texture analysis?
- What is fast-decoupled load flow procedure, listing out the importance assu
- Explain the performance of FACTS controller in the role of reactive power
- What is the need for isolation of gate drive circuits? What are the differe
- Why does interconnect increase the circuit delay?
- What is specialty Fourier series in signal analysis?
- Why DFT is not so much popular?
- Why impulse invariant method of high pass IIR filter?
- What are the issues are in power distribution of VLSI circuits?
- How to obtain the output sequence of linear convolution through circular co
- How MOSFET behaves as capacitor. explain floating MOS capacitor
- Explain simple delay element using pass transistors and CMOS inverters.
- What are the drawbacks of static CMOS design?
- Why does interconnect the circuit delay?
- What are the conditions to obtain end fire array pattern?
- Why do we use high frequency waves in sky wave propagation?
- What is Yagi Antenna?
- What is an " Anechoic Chamber" ?
- Explain the static and dynamic power dissipation in CMOS circuits?
- Explain the different reliability problems related to the design of reliabl
- What are the drawbacks of static CMOS design?
- Why single-phase system is preferred for main line railway service?
- How regenerative breaking is applied to aDC series motor when there are at
- What is the need of di/dt protection and dv/dt protection? How protection i
- How we can calculate the transformer size?
- What is the role of switching devices in non-conventional energy sources?
- What is the difference between governor and flywheel?
- Where will be the secondary windings wound
- How long do photovoltaic (PV) systems last?
- Why are GaAs solar cells (Eg = 1.42 eV) more efficient than Si solar cells (Eg = 1.1 eV)?
- If the semiconductor has a direct or indirect band gap. Why or why not?
- What can be done to make sure that most of the photons are absorbed in the depletion layer?
- Describe how a semiconductor laser diode works. What determines the frequency that is emitted?
- The phase relationship between the current and voltage in an inductive circuit is?
- For enhancing the power transmission in a long EHV transmission line, the most preferred compensation used is?
- Why bundled conductors are used EHV transmission?
- How to improve the steady state stability?
- What is critical clearance time of a fault?
- Where does the travelling wave end when it travel through the loss free line?
- What is the objectives and function of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) in a power system?
- The phase relationship between the current and voltage in an inductive circuit is?
- The alternator generate real and reactive power by the help of machine input and excitation winding. What amount reactive power generate by the help of exaltation winding?
- A small alternator can be possible to synchronies with power grid or system bus bar?
- The majority of the ”humming” sound emitted by an unloaded transformer is due to an effect known as magnetostriction. What is this effect, exactly?
- What is network analyzer?
- What will happen if i hang on EHV line without touching the ground?
- What protective measures are taken against lightning over voltages?
- What are the causes of over voltage on a power system?
- What are the factors on which the current carrying capacity of the fuse depends?
- Explain the influence of capacitance on performance of loaded line.
- Explain the effect load power factor on the transmission efficiency and voltage regulation of transmission line.
- Explain about domino and dual rail domino logic families
- What are the stages at which a chip can be tested?
- What is electrically large loop antenna?
- Explain (a)Self impedance(b)Mutual impedance
- Explain how ducts can be used for Microwave propagation
- Why DC motor is not used in industries for speed control purposes?
- Why circuit turn off time should be greater than the thyristor turn-off tim
- How do we maintain power factors while controlling THD
In electronic bala
- Why we are going for SEPIC converter over BOOST converter in PV applicatio
- what is the requirement for drawing the Equivalent Circuit for any electric
- What an ideal boost converter, what will be the output voltage under no loa
- what is meant by wheeling cost?
- What is ultra capacitor?
- WHAT IS THE APPLICATIONS OF OPTOCOUPLER?
- what is conventional current?
- what is the role of switching devices in non-conventional energy sources?
- How to minimize harmonics produced by Electronic ballast?
- How optimization techniques are applied to power system problems? Explain t
- What is flexible AC transmission system? How does it improve static and dyn
- What is voltage swell? What are its effects on power quality and power syst
- What are the disadvantages of leading P.F(power factor)?
- Explain various control strategies of FACTs controllers for improving power
- Why generator is design for lagging P.F(power factor)?
- What do you mean by controllability and observability.
- What do you mean by state and state variable?
- How would HVDC system differ from existing AC transmission systems?
- How can we represent complex pole in bode plot i.e (real + Img constant)?
- What are Dependent and Independent Sources?
- What are the advantages of HVDC?
- State the effect of temperature on resistance parameter of transmission lin
- Why are harmonics generated in HVDC converter and what are the problems ass
- What are the various types of filters that are employed in HVDC converter s
- Discuss about the factors to be considered while selecting common base kVA&
- What is BIBO stability criterion?
- What do you mean by absolute stability and relative stability?
- Explain the need of reactive power compensation in power system.
- What is Signal Flow Graph?
- Explain the factors that influence skin effect & proximity effect refer to power system
- Explain how capacitance exists in transmission line & state its significance.
- Discuss the need of reactive power compensation in power system. Also list out the compensating equipments.
- Explain the factors to be considered while selecting common base kVA& base kV in per unit method.
- Define per unit value of quaritity advantages of P.U. calculations in power system analysis.
- Two generalized circuit constants are connected in parallel having generalized circuit constant A,B,C,D& A2, B2, C2, D2. Determine the circuit ABCD co
- Explain the field of application of reactive compensation equipments.
a) Synchronous condenser
b) Auto transformer
- State the effect of temperature on resistance parameter of transmission line. Also state the effect of line resistance on performance efficiency, volt
- Discuss in detail about the sequence impedance of transmission lines
- Explain how the transient stability study can be made modified by Euler method
- What is meant by critical cleaning angle?
- What are the data required for loadflow study?
- What are the advantages of per unit computations?
- A single phase transformer is rated 110/440 V, 2.5 K.V.A . Leakage resistance measured from the low-voltage sides is 0.06 ohm. How to determine the
- What are the basic assumptions made in fault calculations?
- How the circuit breakers can be selected?
- Explain the applications of bus admittance matrix
- How waves move if it is sinusoidal signal?
- Explain the power system model reduction techniques with example?
- What is Smart Grid
- What is artificial neural networks(ann), how ann used in powersystem, how it works, what is future expansion
- Explain the method of voltage control by SVC
- Explain about different control interactions
- How optimization techniques are applied to power system problems?
- What are the broad classifications of power system transients?
- Explain how capacitance exists in transmission line and explain its significance.
- Why velocity of propagation over all overhead line is same?
- How to accomplish the function of DVR ( Dynamic voltage dissector using DSP processer?
- Can we change a device wirelessly
-
What are the causes of oscillatory and non- oscillatory instabilities in power system?
- What is the need for system analysis in planning and operation of power system?
- What condition synchronous machine or synchronous Generator will start working synchronous condenser?
- Explain about ….without equation.
- Any Algorithm that support multiobject function?
- Explain the different generalized error coefficients?
- Explain the design procedure of a lead compensator.
- Discuss the following nonlinearities
i) Saturation and ii) Dead-zone.
- What is a describing function? Explain how an element with dead-zone can be analyzed using describing function method.
- Explain the principle of optimality.
- Explain the technological development of modern trends in dc transmission
- Explain in detail about HVDC system simulation?
- What is the meaning of the term “ Power Quality”?
Explain different power quality problems in distribution systems?
- What is voltage swell? What are its effect on power quality and power stability?
- What is meant by neglecting overlap in graetz in bridge circuit?
- Explain in detail about the converter control characteristics of hvdc system?
- What are the basic principles of over current protection.
- Why active filters are superior to passive filters?
- Why does a load draws more current from a potential source what it is increased?
- For a fixed power transmission explain how the economic choice of voltage level selected in dc transmission system?
- How does a resistor behave at high frequencies? GHz (Follow up)
- In rectification we found ac+dc. So we can use this type of supply in transformers.
- What are the different type of losses in transformer?
- Why an LC tank circuit, once excited, does not produce sustained oscillation?
- What is the difference between brushless DC motor and normal DC motor?
- What is regenerative braking and how it works?
- What is difference between voltage and potential drop?
- Can a dc voltage source in series with an inductor act as a current source?
- Working of induction motor and its principal.
- What is isolation Transformer?
- What is the meaning of Hydro electricity?
- For the given 230/440V (delta/star) 3PHASE TRANSFORMER, PERDETERMINE THE INPUT CURRENT ON LV side when a balanced star connected load of 50+j100 ohm p
- What is effect of unbalanced load – say R 15A, Y 25A, B?
- Consider a 415v/200v step down transformer. Can we use it as step up transformer by giving 200v in secondary and taking output from primary?
- Can we load power capacitors on DG sets?
- What is the difference between designing switch modes and motor drives?
- What are the limitations found in the simple differential protection of a transformer? How are they overcome?
- Why protective relays should be put to rigorous testing before being put to use. What is the stability test carried out on the relays?
- What is difference between circuit breaker and disconnecter?
- Why is ac current transfer more effective than dc current transfer over long distances?
- What is the need for filter in a HVDC circuit? Explain the various types of filters used?
- Explain the causes of transients on closing and reclosing of transmission lines.
- Why is “resonant mode power supply” more efficient than SMPS?
- Can I use 2 exact same switching power supplies in parallel?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Ward Leonard control system?
- What are the advantages of Squirrel cage Induction Motor over DC Motor?
- How to compare Electrical and Mechanical Braking?
- For the given 230/440V (delta/star) 3PHASE TRANSFORMER PERDETERMINE THE INPUT CURRENT ON LV side when a balanced star connected load of 50+j100 ohm pe
- What is meant by wheeling cost?
- Explain the selection protocols of convertors for any HVDC system.
- What are voltage control techniques used for power factor correction in converters?
- Can we make a full wave rectifier by use of transistors only?
- What is problem with carbom commutators in the motor?
- How can we store Electricity, How long it can be stored and what is the device used for storage?
- Is there available higher volume storage batteries to store huge volume like mega watts?
- Explain the interaction between lighting and power system.
- Which could be used in power plants like wind mils to store excess power generated during seasonal times.
- Explainthe switching characteristics of power diode.
- Explain Silicon photodiode structure for photoconductive operation.
- What are the advantages of photoconductive mode?
- Explain the factors that limit the speed response of photodiodes.
- Explain why there is difference in the characteristics of Ge, Si and GaAs Diodes. And also explain in the selection of semiconductor material why sili
- Discuss about contact potential.
- Clarify is the band gap is increase develop more voltage in photo voltage self?
- How does statistic statues electric field setup in fade effect transistor?
- Explain the principle of traveling wave radiator.
- How does a log periodic antenna provide a large bandwidth of operation?
- Explain about Skip Distance.
- What is Optimum Working Frequency?
- Discuss about binomial arrays and also Phased arrays.
- Explain the principles and process used in the wind energy conversion systems to extract power from the wind?
- Why a tall tower is essential for mounting a horizontal axis wind turbine?
- What are the benefits of offshore wind energy?
- How to remove transients from the power systems?
- Discuss the interaction of lightning in power systems.
- Explain short line kilometric fault.
- Explain the over voltage induced by faults.
-
Explain how the effect of prefault current is included in calculation of currents in different parts of a power system during the occurrence of an unsymmetrical fault at a specified location.
- A synchronous motor connected to an infinite bus is driving a load corresponding to its rated capacity with a torque angle of 300. if the load is suddenly increased to times the rated load. What will be the stability of the motor?
- A double line to ground (DLG) fault takes place at the terminal of an unloaded alternator. Show that how the sequence networks is to be interconnected to represent the fault and also obtain for the fault current.
- What is the importance of critical clearing time?
- A sudden 3-phase short circuit takes place at the terminals of an unloaded three-phase alternator. Explain briefly on the different reactance’s that are met with the damper windings are provided at the
pole faces if salient pole synchronous machine.
- Explain that the power in a three phase circuit can be computed fromsymmetrical components.
- What is a 3 phase unsymmetrical fault? What are different types of unsymmetrical fault?
- Why do we prefer to analyze unsymmetrical fault by symmetrical components method?
- How symmetrical component transformation is power invariant.
- Develop the swing equation of a synchronous machine working on an infinite bus.
- What is the type of generator used in wind power plant?
- Why a tall tower is essential for mounting a horizontal axis wind turbine?
- Explain the effect of source inductance in the operation of single-phase fully controlled converter.
- What is the function of freewheeling diodes in controlled rectifier?
- What is the process of making power semi conductor device?
- What are the different methods of firing circuits for line commutated converter?
- What is the function of static VAR compensator?
- What are the recent advances and applications of power electronics & motor drives?
- What are high voltage silicon carbide power devices? And predominantly where are they used?
- Solar impulse 2 (flying solar plane). Is this feasible in India?
- Areas of northeast are having a moderate wind speed. What are the parameters to be focused to install micro wind turbines?
- What are advantages and disadvantages of HVDC over HDAC transmission system?
- Please tell us about the working of cycloconverter.
- What are the advantages & disadvantages of AC voltage controller?
- Please give some applications of power electronics in railway systems (Indian railways).
- What is step up chopper and step down chopper?
- What is difference between holding and latching current of SCR?
- How is the inverter circuit classified based on commutation circuitry?
- Is Kyoto protocol related to power electronics? And Indias commitment towards saving the planet.
- What are the methods of reduction of harmonic content?
- What does the voltmeter in AC mode show? Is it RMS value or peak value?
- High voltage applications what will we prefer MOSFET or IGBT?
- What are the main components used for isolating the power circuits, power semiconductor from the low power circuit?
- What is the working principle of Switching Reluctance Motor? And why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of Switched Reluctance Motor?
- Factors that can influence the choice of a motor to drive the load. And please explain the factors governing the selection of motors.
- What are the various methods of applying electric traction?
- What are the prospects of renewable energy sources in India? What are the advantages of renewable energy sources? And please explain the Indian energy scenario.
- Why are IGBT becoming popular in their application to controlled converters?
- For high frequency applications what will we prefer MOSFET or IGBT? Why?
- Can fuses with an AC voltage rating be used in DC applications?
- What is delay angle or what is firing angle of phase controlled rectifier?
- Why does unequal-voltage sharing take place among series connected thyristors during steady state and dynamic state? How is equal voltage sharing obtained in both cases?
- What is meantby reference frame theory?
- How to define system reliability and also explain reliability planning criteria?
- What are the three objectives of consumer tariff? And please explain the cost based tariff and market based tariff.
- Why is it necessary to operate hydro and steam plants in combination? And what advantages occur from operating a hydro and a thermal plant in coordination?
- Please explain critical clearing time and critical clearing angle, deriving the expressions.
- What symmetrical components? Explain the symmetrical component transformation.
- When the generator bus is treated as load bus?What will be thereactive power and bus voltage when the generator bus is treated as loadbus?
- What are the assumptions made in short circuit studies of a large power system network?
- What is the primary objective of carried out by the relay and circuit breaker during fault condition?
- Is earth fault relay are directional relay or non-directional relay? And can you please tell us about buchholz relay?
- Why most of the generators in thermal power plants run at 3000rpm?
- What kind of generator used in household, is it AC asynchronous or DC generator?
- Why are per phase analysis done in a symmetrical three-phase system?
- When we increase load, current drawn from source also increases. Why?
- What is the difference between SCR and thyristor?
- Why reactive power is called unused power and why it is used in power system?
- What does it mean by commutation of SCR?
- How are the choppers classified?
- Why floating windmill is not installed in deep ocean where there is continuous strong wind, so as t generate good amount of electricity?
- How is the inverter circuit classified based on commutation circuitry?
- What is snubber circuit? And why is snubber circuit needed?
- How to define Saddle Point?
- How to derive Newton-Raphson formula?
- How to classify the hydro electric power plants based on head? Please suggest suitable turbine for different head applications.
- How the solar radiation data is collected and what way it is helpful in solar energy conversion? And how do we estimate average solar radiation?
- Describe the different methods of energy storage system and also explain the solar energy storage system.
- What are thermocouple &RTDs principles & types? Why for more than 400 or 450 degree centigrade thermocouple is used, below this temperature RTD is used?
- What does the chronological load curve indicate?
- What is the difference between base load and peak load?
- What is the typical MW/minute ramping capability for each type of reserve?
- Explain how a load duration curve is plotted. What is its period?
- Explain the relation between the line and phase value of voltage and current in a balanced star connected load and in a balanced delta connected load.
- What are the conditions necessary for sharing load operating in parallel between the two synchronous machines?
- How to know what ampere fuse required for specific amount current. means, how to calculate which fuse is required for low and high current and the calculation.
- For high voltage application, why IGBT is preferred than MOSFET?
- What are the advantages of single-phase bridge converter over single
phase mid-point converter.
- What problem is caused by sharp single pulse triggering in a one phase
AC voltage controller when the load is inductive? How can this be solved?
- Please explain the significance of per unit system.
- How are reactors classified? Explain the merits and demerits of different types of system protection using reactors.
- From a technical viewpoint or from an economic perspective, which methods for power supply is more beneficial: Distributed Generation (DG) OR High-Capacity Power Transit (e.g., HVDC)?
- Is there exists an optimal solution to find the microgrids that can be formed in a power network?
- In power system studies, how we can know the reliability of the cost function parameters in each thermal plant? Each thermal plant has a cost function with different parameters. have these parameters the reliability with long time?
- what are the merits and demerits of using energy management system in microgrid?
- We use ABCD parameters for sending and receiving end voltage and current calculations, but what is real interpretation of ABCD parameters?
- What are some of the measures/methodologies to ensure energy management in high energy intensive industries?
- What are the drawbacks of smart grid technologies?
- How does humidity influence comfort level in hot and humid climate that causes demands of energy consumption for air-conditioning?
- Electronics
- Microelectronics
- What are various modelling styles used in VHDL?
- Please explain Transient analysis and what is frequency domain analysis
- Please explain Transient analysis and what is frequency domain analysis me
- What are the Innovations in Interconnects in VLSI physical Design?
- What are the solutions for Issues related to Interconnects
- How does a shaded pole induction motor function?
- What is the impact of Fabrication Process on physical design?
- What are the advantages of ion implantation over diffusion?
- Explain strong and weak logic levels with reference to MOSFET
- What are hot electron?
- What are the factors to be considered for calculating total load capacitance on the output of a CMOS gate?
- Explain about scaling of MOS transistor
dimensions and charge sharing.
- Why have we not seen many world class fundamental research in DSP and VLSI from India?
- Why a transistor cannot be used as rectifier?
- What is Layout design rule? What is different between Lambda design rules and micron rules?
- What is epitaxial growth? Why is it needed?
- What are the most fascinating advances in the history of nanoelectronics so far?
What promise does nanoelectronics hold for the future?
- Please tell us about nanofabrication.
- Why NMOS technology is preferred more than PMOS technology?
- What kind of defects that occur in a chip?
- Sir, What are the steps involved in twin-tub process?
- How are the circuit elements implemented in IC’s
- Are there any risks of nanomaterials to human health and environment? If y
- What is BiCMOS Technology? What are the basic processing steps involved in
- What are the different reliability problems related to the design of reliable CMOS chips?
- Explain the concept of CMOS and domino CMOS.
- What is Lay-out design rule? Q.134.a)What is different between Lambda desig
- What is molecular electronics?
- Why are nanomaterials used in cosmetics?
- Are nanomaterials used in foods?
- What are all the materials used for MEMS manufacturing?
- What kind of technologies used for MEMS manufacturing?
- What are the challenges in the development of MEMS and Nanotechnology devic
- What promise do Nano electronics hold for the future?
- In what way nano technology used for electronics?
- Is there an end to CMOS miniaturization?
- Explain about Piezoresistance
- What is the setup time and hold time parameters of the FF, what happens if we are not consider it in designing the digital ckt?
- What are the chances that MRAM will replace DRAM? What is the difference between serial and parallel MRAM? Is MRAM used in Personnel Computer?
- Sir can you please tell me what is spin based quantum computing?
- Comparison of thermoelectric technology with other energy conversion methods for cooling and power generation.
- What is Phonon Thermal Conductivity Reduction Approach?
- What is the difference between Rectifying and Non-Rectifying Switching? Please explain Memristors based on Amorphous Silicon as the Switching Medium.
- What are the visual simulation tools available for nano technology
- What is Quantum Transport
- what is density operators?
- Purification methods of carbon nano tubes
- What is top down approach in
nanoelectronics?
- What is the diameter of a bucky ball? How many pentagons and hexagons are t
- What are the salient points addressed by Feynman in his lecture “there is
- How do you find RRAM LRAM and MRAM on a TI-83 calculator
- What is frequency reused concept in GSM ?
- How is CDMA an interference limited system?
- What is IP fragmentation?
- How will you determine the direction of intensity gradient while detecting the edges?
- How do you use motion heuristics in gross motion planning
- What is interrupt latency in embedded system? What is the linear sequential model in embedded software development?
- What Build Process of Embedded software is
- What is mean by minimal realization? Will there be any decoupling zero in a minimal realization?
- What are the template matching techniques?
- Qualitatively discuss the analogy between extrinsic semiconductor and the intrinsic semiconductor with suitable examples.
- How does conduction take place in insulators and ionic crystals ? Also disc
- Discuss various conduction mechanics in 3 D and 2 D and low dimensional sys
- Describe the concepts of quantum wells, wires and dots.
- Discuss various conduction mechanics in 3 D and 2 D and low dimensional sys
- What would be the societal implications of nanotechnology? Explain.
- How can nanotechnology be used for sustainable development?
- How are circuit fabricated?
- what is Fermi Dirac distribution function against temperature?
- what is drift carriers? what is Hall effect?
- Explain donor and acceptor impurities in semiconductors?
- Explain qualitatively how bands of allowed and forbidden energies are formed in a crystal.
- What is the significance of semiconductor quantum dot.
- Show that the product of number of holes in the valence band and the number of electrons in the conduction band depends only on temperature and band gap.
- What electrical characteristic of intrinsic semiconductor material is controlled by the addition of impurities?
- What kind of diode is formed by joining a doped semiconductor region with a metal?
- Tell us about the application of semiconductor based spintronic devices?
- What is the physical significant of small
signal capacitance? I know it’s dQ/dV.
But what is the meaning of this term?
- Why only low order address bus (AD0-AD7) is use for demultiplexing the bus in microprocessor, why not high order address bus is not use?
- Explain various sources of power dissipation in digital with their merits and demerits.
- What can you say about the intersection between field lines and equipotential surfaces?
- What do you mean by latch-up on CMOS circuits?
- Why is the number of gate inputs to CMOS gates (e.g. NAND or NOR gates) usually limited to four?
- What does it mean "the channel is pinched off"?
- What is a transmission gate, and what is its typical use in VLSI?
- Explain about Quantum electrodynamics?
- How many valence electrons are in every semiconductor material?
- What kind of diode is formed by joining a doped semiconductor region with a metal?
- What types of impurity atoms are added to increase the number of conduction
- What is meant by semiconductor quantum dot?
- Derive the expression for attenuation factor for tem waves between paral
- Why is nano electronics needed?
- What is carbon nanotubes?
- Why the gate oxide has been scaling with the development of CMOS technology
- Explain fault simulation and fault sampling with respect to CMOS testing?
- Discuss the effects of parasitic capacitances between gate and source/drain overlap regions of MOS transistors.
- Explain various steps of high level design flow used in ASIC devices?
- What are the advantages of BICMOS Technology over CMOS Technology?
- Why only low order address bus (AD0-AD7) is use for demultiplexing the bus in microprocessor, why not high order address bus as well?
- Explain the different operating regions on MOS systems
- What are the advantage of using a pseudo N-MOS Gate instead of a full CMOS gate?
- What are the applications of quantum dot?
- General applications of spintronics (why bother with it?).
- What is the importance of the duration of spin and their net polarization in the organic semiconductor/spacer layer in spintronic systems?
- What effect did the thickness of the organic semiconductor have on the system? Why?
- What is the effect of exchange splitting?
- How might spintronics help nanotech?
- What is nanoscale?
- Why Transistors are not used as switching devices?
- What is the difference between TTL and CMOS?
- What is meant by emitter follower?
- What is photolithography?
- What is etching?
- Why is n-diffusion to p-diffusion spacing is so large?
- When a circuit designer needs a circuit to provide a time delay, he or she almost always chooses an RC circuit instead of an LR circuit. Explain why?
- What factor(s) do(es) the barrier potential of a pn junction depend on?
- What is setup/hold? What are setup and hold time impacts on timing? How will you fix setup and hold violations?
- Is it similar to the concept of master slave j-k flip flop
- Explain Dynamic CMOS Logic and Domino CMOS Logic.
- What are the advantages of dynamic CMOS logic having precharge and evaluate phase?
- Distinguish between energy and power dissipation of VLSI circuits.
- Explain about scalable Design rules related to NMOS and CMOS Technologies.
- Explain about photolithography,
Discuss about micro fabrication
- 1. Please explain about assumed current distribution for wire antennas
- Explain the radiation from a travelling wave on a wire ?
- What is the need and advantage of Instrumentational amplifier?
- Explain the characteristic impedance of biconical antenna?
- What is meant by current steering in DAC?
- What is body effect? Is it due to parallel or serial connection of MOSFETS?
- How do dynamic gates work?
- Why there is a need of representing the gain of an amplifier, attenuation in a signal, signal to noise ratio in db(decibel)?
- What is the difference between Clock buff/inverters and normal buff/inverte
- What are the fundamental operating conditions that determine the delay characteristics of gate?
- Why mosfet is more popular than jfet? Although both of them has many similar properties and configuration.
- What are the Innovations in Interconnects in VLSI physical Design? Explain. What are the solutions for Issues related to Interconnects?
- Why is the Electrical length of antenna commonly taken as (lambda)/4 or (lambda)/2?
- Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
- How MOSFET behaves as a capacitor?
- How the antennas are categorized and tell us example for each antenna types
- How patch antenna can be designed to be circularly polarized?
- What is the relationship between the speed of light, frequency and waveleng
- How to interface 8051 with HT12E encoder & MTS 433.92 MHZ transmitter.
- What is TUNING with respect to microwave oscillators?
- How can I measure the micowave frequency without frequncy meter?
- Is it possible to match all the oorts of alossless reciprocal microwave com
- Explain the double minima method of VSWR measurement.
- How patch antenna can be designed to be circularly polarized?
- Why Transistors are not used as switching devices?
- Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
- Explain the simple delay element using pass transistors and CMOS invertors
- Why is n-diffusion to p-diffusion is so large?
- What is routing capacitance in a MOS?
- What is the advance technology in IC’s?
- Dear Sir, Please explain the need for low power VLSI design?
- What is quantum number, How Quantum Dots helps theDisplay Industry?
- Which semiconductor device is used as a voltage regulator and why?
- What is the basic difference between the Thermionic and Schottky emission?
- What is a quarter-wavelength transformer?
- How can you design a patch antenna to be circularly polarized?
-
What is the difference between Directivity and Antenna Gain?
- What is the difference between TRP and EIRP?
- Domain: antenna theory: radiation occurs when electrons neutralize any charge: radiation in antennas are due to acceleration of electrons (charge) : 1.Does these two concepts are related? 2. Does the radiation follows (LAGS) or LEADS the charge being accelerated on a wire?
- What is meant by skip distance?
- How do the SPICE MOSFET account for the parasitic device capacitances?
- What is the difference between function and procedure in VHDL?
- Explain the synchronisers with example
- What is key difference between sequential and combinational circuits?
- What is twin-tub process? Why is it called so?
- Explain the basic principle of operation of dynamic CMOS, domino and NP domino logic circuits
- How Quantum Dots helps the Display Industry
- What can you say about the intersection between field lines and equipotential surfaces?
- If a proton is accelerated through a potential difference of 2.000 V, what is its change in potential energy?
- What condition must exist for an electrical force to be repulsive?
- What is difference between electronic device and electronic element?
- Discuss about Feynman’s hypothesis and the important milestones in the development of nanotechnology.
- Dear sir, please explain about spin hall effect(SHE)?
- What is Twin-tub process and what the steps involved in it.
- What is meant by Threshold voltage in CMOS
- What is Monte Carlo analysis?
- What is channel length modulation?
- What are advantages of Common centroid & interdigitized patterns?
- Explain the principle of pattern multiplication.
- Explain the width of main lobe of uniform end-fire array is broader than that for a uniform broad side array.
- Discuss the log-periodic dipole array
- Explain miller compensation technique?
- The various software available for antenna design are I-3D, HFSS, Abs, CST Which one is better for a beginner
- Explain electron transport in quantum dot
- Why does band gap energy of quantum dots very with its size?
- Explain the principle of single electron tunneling process
- Explain the principle of operation of nano electronics switch made of a conducting molecule
- How can we prove that static electric field is irrational and static magnetic field is solenoid?
- What are the boundary condition in Electrostatics and Magneto statics?
- What is the discrepancy in Ampere’s Law? How was it removed by Maxwell?
- What is scalar and vector magnetic potential?
- What is the relation between electric potential and electric field intensity? What do you understand by “conservative field”
- What are ferrimagnetic substances?
- What are the relationship between magnetic and nano materials?
- What is meant by probing nano magnetic materials
- Explain the following terms with respect to Robotics. i) DOF ii) End effectors
- Discuss the principle of proportional control action with mathematical expression and its characteristics.
- Explain synchro as an error detector.
- Explain the term voltage ripple factor, current ripple factor.
- Explain the harmonic factor of input current
- Explain the Harmonic reduction by transformer corner lines and stepped
wave inverters.
- Explain the effect of damping on response of control system.
- Explain the principle of pattern multiplication.
- What is the total capacitance of an MOS capacitor ? How does it vary with voltage?
- Discuss the difficulties encountered in the Routh stability test
- How to differentiate VSI from CSI
- What do you mean by parasitic in integrated circuits?
- How is the Si water prepared?
- What is fringing effect?
- If RISC impose pressure on hardware than too it is used in ARM controller, why?
- Why in laboratories we have voltage sources as power supply why not current source?
- What is Hydro electricity.?
- Explain the principle of operation of three phase inverter with 180° conduction mode.
- What are the advantages of sample data control system over the continuator Data control system. Draw the block diagram of sampled data control system
- Explain the modern trends in dc transmission.
- How power sharing and power control is achieved in an MTDC system?
- Explain the significance of sampling and hold circuit in a digital control system.
- Why a tall tower is essential for mounting a horizontal axis wind turbine?
- What are merit and demerit of open-loop and closed-loop control system?
- What are the prospects of renewable energy sources in India?
- Explain the types of layout design rules.
- What are the differences between binomial and uniform board side arrays.
- Explain the design relations associated with Rhombic antenna. What are its applications?
- Explain about effective area.
- What is Shadow zone?
- Explain the radiation form quarter wave monopole.
- Why does band gap energy of quantum dots vary with its size?
- What does FWHM mean?
- How Does a forbidden-energy level transition become an allowed transition in the case of an optical near field?
- What are various modeling styles used in VHDL.
- Discuss the action of Enhancement mode and depletion mode transistors. Discuss the various thermal aspects of processing in VLSI technology.
- In what ways the speed of operation of a microelectronic system may be increased.
- Which type of memory is most suit to store the program in a reprogrammable microcontroller?
- Please explain the points that have to be considered when deciding on what logic IC family to use in a microelectronics project.
- What is a system clock and why is it an essential unit in a microelectronic system?
- Discuss and describe micro, macro and nano electronic?
- What is the issue of power dissipation in deep submicron technology?
- When are two graph said to be isomorphic? Explain how the two graphs need not be isomorphic even they both have the same order and same size.
- What are the differences between FPGA from CPLD?
- What is the advantage of using a pseudo N-MOS Gate instead of a full CMOS GATE?
- What is synthesis and explain synthesis issues.
- Can you explain wave nature of matter?
- What are ferromagnetic substances?
- Elaborate about thermoelectricity and its practical applications.
- Is zT> 2 possible for a scalable material?
- Please give the overview of “Molecular Electronic Devices”.
- Can you tell me if semiconductor Si is doped with donor and accept or at the same time? What are methods to calculate n&p?
- Explain power theorem and its application to point sources.
- Why frequency independent antennas are called so?
- What is the difference between end fire and broadside array?
- What are the effects of earth’s curvature on tropospheric propagation?
- Is there any analogy between transmission line and antenna? Explain with regards to efficiency, Q factor and resonant length.
- What is the difference between message switching and packet switching?
- Why low power has become an important issue in the present day VLSI circuit realization?
- Distinguish between energy and power dissipation of VLSI circuits. Which one is more important for portable systems?
- How environment is affected by the power dissipation of VLSI circuits?
- How reliability of a VLSI circuit is related to its power dissipation?
- What is the latch up problem that arises in bulk CMOS technology? How is it overcome?
- What are the commonly used conducting layers used in IC fabrication?
- What are the benefits of SOI technology relative to conventional bulk CMOS technology?
- Explain the three modes of operation of a MOS transistor.
- What are the stages at which a chip can be tested?
- Explain the different factors that affect the reliability of CMOS chips.
- Compare CMOS and BiCMOS technology.
- What is the other name for MOSFET? Why is it called so?
- Explain about scaling of MOS transistor dimensions and charge sharing.
- What is low noise margin?
- Explain small signal operation of amplifiers.
- Explain active load switching. How it advantages over passive load switching?
- What is time harmonic field?
- How is the unit vectors defined in three co ordinate systems?
- If a plane wave is incident normally from medium 1 to medium 2, explain the reflection and transmission coefficients.
- If I have a Neo magnet with a Br of 12,300 Gauss, should I be able to measure 12,300 Gauss on its surface?
- How do you measure the strength or power of a magnet?
- What is the strength of the Earth magnetic field? How it is measured?
- What are some of the applications of “photonic crystals”?
- What is the emf produced by moving loop in time varying field?
- What is physical significance of divergence?
- What is the significant feature of wave propagation in an imperfect dielectric?
- What will happen when the wave is incident obliquely over dielectric–dielectric boundary?
- What are the commonalities and differences when compared to more common software development fields?
- What is the difference between RTL and HDL?Or RTL v/s HDL
- Why NMOS technology is preferred more than PMOS technology?
- Please Explain the latch up prevention techniques.
- Please explain properties of crystalline solids and how they are determined?
- What is the concept of the reciprocal lattice?
- What are primitive vectors and basis in graphite layer?
- What is spin valve and how it works?
- What are the steps required to solve setup and hold violations in VLSI?
- What is body effect?
- What is threshold voltage?
- What are the properties of ROC?
- What is metastability?
- How logical gates are controlled by Boolean logic?
- What are the changes that are provided to meet design power targets?
- In forward biased pn junction current flows because of diffusion
process and in reverse biased current is because of drift process. Is this
right statement.
- Why electrons are not pulled into the nucleus of an atom?
- Why does the MOSFET drain current increase abruptly when Gate voltage
is greater than the threshold voltage?
- What is Transmission Mode 5?
- What is the difference between LTE FDD and LTE TDD?
- What is Antenna gain &Antenna noise temperature?
- What is Mealy or MooreMachine?
- Do multiple permanent magnets aggregated together approach the same strength as a single magnet of the same size?
- Why temperature coefficient of resistance of a semiconductor is negative?
- What is extrinsic semiconductor?
- Explain the formation of a hole in an intrinsic semiconductor.
- Explain the use of Zener diode as a voltage regulator.
- If electric charges accelerate towards lower potential energies, why do opposite charges attract?
- Why is the energy density of the electric field produced by two unlike charges positive, even though their potential energy is negative?
- What is a superscalar processor?
- Can you tell some applications for FPGA based accelerators?
- When one should use FPGA or CPLD for an application?
- Which is better approach VHDL or VERILOG?
- What is system on chip & will system on chip completely consume CPU's?
- What is IOT & IOE and how VLSI is linked to IOT?
- What are ultra low power processors? And why are these processors slow?
- What is trusted integrated circuits and trusted hardware? Is hardware really trustworthy?
- Please explain Von Neumann architecture.
- What is self-healing system design?
- Can you tell something about nano microprocessor?
- Is this data driven processors is done using heterogeneous processors?
- Role of Nano scale semiconductor devices as new biomaterials. And how does this help us?
- What are the challenges facing spintronics today? How is spintronics impacting quantum computing? What is so great about spintronics?
- Is MRAM the future of electronics? And can you tell applications of MRAM for rural India?
- What is the primary difference between RF MEMS switches and semi-conductor switches? And which one is more optimal and why?
- What is difference between Germanium & Silicon Transistors? And why is Germanium considered better for audio applications?
- How can we overcome the disadvantage of RF MEMS switch?
- What are drift and diffusion current in semi-conductor?
- What is difference between nano-electronics & semiconductors? What is nano-fabrication?
- How is the nanomaterial applied in the bio-sensors and in the solar energy harvesting?
- Explain Quantum Biomimetics & Quantum Artificial life.
- Can you tell the significance of transport equations in semiconductors? And what is Boltzmann transport equation?
- What is electron spin polarization in semi-conductors?
- What are optoelectronic nano devices and its potential use in space applications?
- Explain the role of nano electronics to improve energy efficiency.
- How does Nanostructures help in improving the efficiency and lower costs of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells?
- Modern semiconductors are manufactured with feature sizes measured in nanometers. Despite this, why semiconductors are not traditionally classified as nano technology?
- What is the difference between quantum wells, quantum wires and quantum dots? What are their respective dimensionalities?
- How can nanotechnology improve the capabilities of electronic components? How do I integrate silicon nanophotonics components into CMOS integrated circuits?
- Is there a shift to active nanostructures? Or still we are using passive devices.
- What are carbon nano tubes (CNT) and its applications?
- What are computational electromagnetic and its role in oil exploration or landmine detection? Explain time domain in Maxwell's Equation (FDTD and FETD).
- What is 1dB compression point and 3rd order intercept point? What is the relation between both?
- Please explain what is the Return loss and VSWR? How are they related?
- Please explain about sensitivity and dynamic range of the RF circuit.
- Which are the input matching techniques of low noise amplifier?
- How to define pinch off voltage and saturation voltage?
- How unidirectional current flow is possible through a PN junction diode?
- Please explain the energy band in solids. How to differentiate direct and indirect semiconductors?
- How does the electrical conductivity of extrinsic semiconductors vary with temperature and impurity addition?
- Name some nano-scale magnetic technologies. And how does spin-transfertorques help in achieving efficient electrical control over the orientation of magnetic components?
- Why ferrites are advantageous for use as transformer cores?
- Please explain the general aspects of CEM modeling. And what are the various alternative modeling approaches available for CEM? And what are the advantages of one model relative to the other possibilities?
- What are the basic properties of antennas?
- Why does the present VLSI circuit use MOSFET instead of BJTs?
- Why are PMOS transistor networks generally used to produce high signals, while NMOS networks are used to produce low signals?
- Why dont we use just one NMOS or PMOS transistor as a transmission gate?
- How to define and prove Stokes Theorem?
- The charge is distributed along the z-axis from z=-5 m to -? and from z=+5 m to +? with a charge density of 20nC/m. How to find electric field intensity at (2,0,0)m?
- How are directivity and antenna gain different from each other?
- What is a sequential circuit?
- What are the far field conditions for an antenna?
- What is the difference between a loop antenna and a folded dipole antenna?
- What are the other alternative software apart from cadence used for VLSI design?
- Is the conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation the same forsum frequency generation?
- In what sense are shot noise and photon pressure canonically-conjugate variables in the LIGO interferometer?
- How to calculate radiative transition rate of exciton in a quantum dot with specific dimension?
- What is key signature of particle behavior?
- How does a fluxgate magnetometer work?
- How the magnetometer measurements are used in the attitude estimation?
- How to estimate the hard/soft iron compensation?
- What are the limitations if the individual Magnetometer Sensors?
- Please explain role of computational intelligence in nanophotonics technology.
- Please explain about advanced techniques in medical computational nanophotonics.
- How many distinct independent properties can a photon have?
- Can we squeeze a light beam through a hole or a slit that is much smaller than the wavelength?
- How is energy linked to angular momentum for a quantum system?
- In optics, how does the vacuum state compare to thermal radiation?
- Why is the universe more complicated than the simplest quantum system?
- How to calculate the inductance of a solenoid of 200 turns wound tightly on a cylindrical tube of 6cm diameter? The length of the tube is 60cm and the solenoid is air.
- How to derive the relation between dielectric constant and electric susceptibility?
- How to derive an expression for energy stored and energy density in an electrostatic field?
- How to derive the electrostatic boundary conditions at the interface of two deictic media. If a conductor replaces the second dielectric, what will be the potential and electric field inside and outside the conductor?
- How can digital distance relaying algorithm be implemented on the 8086 Micro processor? It is possible to implement these algorithms on the 8085micro processor?
- What are the various types of over current relays? Please explain their area of application.
- What are the causes of over speed and how alternators are protected from it?
- Why is it necessary to protect the lines and other equipment of the power system against over voltages? And what protective measures are taken against lightning over voltages? And what is necessity of protecting electrical equipment against traveling waves? And what is tower-footing resistance? Why is it required to have this resistance as low as economically possible?
- What is tower-footing resistance? Why is it required to have this resistance as low as economically possible?
- What protective measures are taken against lightning over voltages?
- What is Peterson coil? What protective functions are performed by this device?
- What are the differences between the D-MOSFET with E-MOSFET?
- Why the current across a diode is zero when the forward bias voltage isless than barrier potential?
- What is a complete electronic circuit, containing transistors, diodes,resistors and capacitors processed on and contained entirely within asingle chip of silicon?
- What are the various limitations and effects of scaling? And what do we understand by Constant-Voltage and Constant-Field Scaling? How do the various performance parameters scale in both of these theories?
- What is the failure rate in metal interconnects? How it can be reduced?
- Why NMOS technology is preferred more than PMOS technology?
- Why low power has become an important issue in the present day VLSI circuit realization?
- How environment is affected by the power dissipation of VLSI circuits?
- Please explain the linear region of the I-V characteristic of an NMOS transistor using the fluid model.
- How to differentiate between channeled and channel less gate array?
- Can Mosfets work as perfect switching voltage dividers in practical?
- What is the concept involved in structural gate level modeling and also give the description for Half adder and Full adder?
- How to derive the CMOS inverter DC characteristics and how to obtain the relationship for output voltage at different region in the transfer characteristics?
- Explain the operation of PMOS enhancement transistor.
- What are the various non ideal conditions in MOS device model?
- How to test asynchronous circuits and how to make it easier?
- In what situations would nonserial scan be useful?
- Is it worth the overhead to be able to do at speed testing?
- Are there any problems with LSSD (Level Sensitive Scan Design)? Please explain.
- How to describe some adhoc and some formal methods of incorporating DFT in a system level design? And what are the things that must be followed for ad-hoc testing? How todescribe drawbacks of adhoc testing?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of scan-based designs and please explain alternatives?
- Describe the operation of a level-sensitive scan design implemented ina digital design. What are design rules to be followed to make the designrace-free and hazard-free?
- How it is possible to create structures on microprocessors that are actually smaller than the wavelength of light that defines them?
- In CMOS technology, what type of gates are preferred and why? i.e.,NAND based logic or NOR based logic to be precise? Which among these two is preferred and why?
- How virology (Hardware Description language) different from normal programming language?
- Now a days VLSI circuits using MOSFETs instead of BJT. Why?
- What is clock gating? How it is implemented? How glitch appears in? And gate based clock gating? How to avoid it?
- How does the electrical conductivity of extrinsic semiconductors vary with temperature & impurity addition?
- Explain the formation of energy bands in various materials.
- Why direct-gap material is used to construct semiconductor emitters?
- Why are semiconductor lasers considered so revolutionary compared to the other forms of lasers?
- What relevance do the new GaN-on- Silicon products have in supporting Infineons contribution to the three key questions of modern society - energy efficiency, mobility, and security?
- In which applications will GaN be used and offer the biggest benefit?
- How does GaN fit into the existing Si and Silicon carbide (SiC) portfolio?
- Which approach does Infineon pursue for GaN: cascode or enhancement mode?
- The specification of the instruction set is not clear about how the carry flag is processed by the ADD, SUB and shift instructions. Are these instructions performed with or without carry?
- Why leakage power dissipation has become an important issue in deep submicron technology?
- What will happen if the current ratio of an NMOS and PMOS kept less than 1 and greater than 1?
- How logical gates are controlled by Boolean logic?
- Why threshold logic voltage of a CMOS inverter kept 50% off supply voltage? Under what condition it can be maintained?
- What is body effect?
- If load capacitance increases, what will happen to CMOS power dissipation?
- Explain the basic principle of SOI technology.
- What are the advantages of power reduction in CMOS circuit?
- Explain the fundamentals of simulations.
- Explain about frequency and time domain concepts.
- What is acceleration?
- What is semiconductor?
- What are 3 dB cutoff frequencies? Why is it 3 dB, not 1 dB?
- What is meant by linear polarization?
- Are all the rays in an electromagnetic spectrum transverse wave?
- Does the wavelength affect the period (the time taken to produce one complete wave) of a wave? Why does the wavelength change when the wave enters from one medium to another? Does the wavelength affect the frequency of the wave? Why is the formula to find the speed of a wave v=wavelength/period?
- Do all the rays in an electromagnetic wave have the same speed of 3*10^8 ms^-1?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Ion Milling?
- What are the different lithographic techniques used in microelectronics industry?
- Can QuEBS-like phenomena be artificially engineered for future (quantum) technologies?
- Why a slot antenna radiates, including the effect of feeding position on the impedance?
- What is the difference between a loop antenna and a folded dipole antenna?
- What is the difference between Directivity and Antenna Gain?
- How can you design a patch antenna to be circularly polarized? Explain why our method works, physically?
- Why should FR-4 SUBSTRATE be mostly used in microstrip patch antenna design?
- How to define hard real-time system and soft real-time system?
- What is a test vector? How test vectors are generated? Please describe different techniques for test pattern generation.
- Is there any particular fault simulator, which can be linked to MATLAB to make an ATPG (Automatic Test Pattern Generation)?
- What is the difference between Stuck-At Fault & Toggle Fault?
- At the chip level, is dynamic timing analysis mandatory?
- Low power VLSI: Which tool is used to measure sub threshold leakage power in digital subsystem at circuit level?
- Can you please explain lemma rule?
- Can you please explain how logical gates are controlled by Booleangate? And what are the different gates where Boolean logic is applicable?
- What is ttl chips, and how it is different from cmos chip?
- What are the two types of procedural blocks in verilog?
- Explain the pseudo NMOS and CMOS domino logic showing the difference between the two?
- What is sheet resistance?
- What are the guidelines for a subsystem design process? What are the merits and demerits between pass transistors and transmission gate?
- How arithmetic and logical functions are implemented using adder cell?
- How many edge-disjoint Hamilton cycles exist in the complete graph with seven vertices?
- What is the depletion capacitance of a PN junction? Please explain its variation with reverse bias voltage.
- Explain the amplification action of a transistor.
- How to derive the expression for terminal currents of a transistor?
- Explain the temperature dependencies of carrier concentration of an extrinsic semiconductor.
- State and explain BiotSavart law.
- How to derive the wave equation for uniform plane wave in free space?
- Derive the expression for electric field intensity due to infinite surface charge?
- How to define reflection coefficient and how to derive the expressionfor i/p impedance in terms of reflection coefficient?
- Why do we still use light bulbs or fluorescent light for general lighting? What are the prime conditions that opto electronics has to meet in order to impact the lighting market?
- Describe some recombination mechanisms, how they impact opto electronic devices and what can be done to optimize recombination?
- How can you turn a light amplifier into a laser? What does it mean technically for processing your semiconductor?
- What is obviously used forn- orp-doping? Why the very thin central layer containsMgandSias dopants?
- What is meant by LIDAR? Please explain its various components, functionalities and applications?
- What is RMS and average value of DC circuits?
- What is the relationship between the noise bandwidth and the 3-dB bandwidth for Butterworth filters up to 5 poles?
- In rectification we found AC+ DC. So can we use this type of supply in transformers?
- State and explain Biot-Savarts law.
- What is Forward travelling wave and Backward travelling wave in free space?
- How to define the electric scalar potential? Please derive an expression for potential due to point charge.
- How to state vector form of Coulombs law of force between two point charges and indicate the units of the quantities in the equation?
- Determine an equation for the electric fields due to volume charge distribution.
- What is the line of sight propagation? How to obtain the expression for range of line of sight for space wave propagation in terms of antennas transmitting and receiving heights?
- What is the significance of the ratio of D to G peak in the Raman spectra of mono/few layered graphene?
- Why low power has become an important issue in the present day VLSI circuit realization?
- How reliability of a VLSI circuit is related to its power dissipation?
- What are the benefits of SOI technology relative to conventional bulk CMOS technology?
- Explain the linear region of the I-V characteristic an nMOS transistor using the fluid model.
- Why silicon is most commonly used semiconductor material? Arent there any other materials, which can replace it in terms of cost and efficiency both?
- How mosfet work like a switch and amplifier?
- How to find simulation tools for single electron devices?
- How do we perform signal conditioning for self generating sensors?
- How to derive an expression for input impedance, output impedance, voltage gain and current gain of transistor amplifier using h-parameters?
- How to describe the process of sampling and quantization? And how to determine the expression for quantization?
- Why the current across a diode is zero when the forward bias voltage is less than barrier potential?
- Which biasing will make the resistance of p-n junction high?
- How does an inductor work? Why is its behavior so counter-intuitive? Compared to capacitor?
- Is there any circuit for measuring phase difference of two sine waves within a frequency range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz?
- Do we use Laplace and Poissons equation only when electrostatic condition at some boundary is known?
- What are the advantages of using metamaterial in antenna design?
- How can make the antenna using metamaterial?
- How logical gates are controlled by Boolean logic?
- What is threshold voltage?
- What is body effect?
- Explain the principle of SOI technology.
- If load capacitance increases, What will happen to CMOS power dissipation?
- Discuss the advantages of power reduction in CMOS circuit.
- Explain fundamentals of simulations.
- Why NMOS technology is preferred more than PMOS
technology?
- What is spin valve and how it works?
- If the inside walls of a box reflect perfectly and we have a source injecting photons at a certain rate, why does the intensity not grow with time?
- Is the concept of the population inversion is due to electronic excitation or atomic excitation?
- How should one ensure the pointing stability of the laser beam when aligning an optical delay line?
- Is it possible to introduce magnetic flux density (B) in the radiative transfer equation?
- What is the maximum temperature that can be generated from less 2Ps pulse duration, CW laser 1455nm, maximum 2 Watt?
- How does the nonlinear absorptive effect influence energy exchange between two filament-forming laser pulses?
- Describe the double metal single poly silicon CMOS process. An off chip capacitance load of 5pF is to be driven from CMOS.
- Tell us about quantum transport? That is, what it is?
- Compare CMOS and BiCMOS technology.
- Why leakage power dissipation has become an important issue in deep submicron technology?
- Why low power has become an important issue in the present day VLSI circuit
- In a transistor, base is very lightly doped, why?
- Which encryption techniques enable us to do calculations, searching, transformation etc. type of operations on encrypted data?
- What are the different decoding methods available in the practice?
- What is the structural advantage of Goppa codes in cryptography?
- How can we evaluate the performance of a cryptography algorithm? Are there specific metrics for this purpose?
- Are there any iterative methods better than BiCGStab or BiCGStab(2) that have been parallelized for solving large and sparse linear systems?
- How cryptography can be used in block chain?
- Why is elliptic curve cryptography not widely used compared to RSA?
- What is the main difference between a key, IV and nonce?
- What is the best way to reduce chance of hash collisions multiple hashes or larger hash?
- What is vector hysteresis?
- How can we change the magnetic flux density or the field vector through a body, which is under the field of a coil excited by a voltage?
- Is the characteristic admittance of a structure calculated using the fields tangential to the wave or to the port?
- How is conductivity used in the CPML formulation?
- How to describe Butterworth filters?
- How to derive an expression for Friss formula for noise factor of amplifier in cascade?
- Why present VLSI circuits use MOSFETs instead of BJT?
- How to measure early voltage of a BJT experimentally?
- How do electromagnetic waves propagate through objects like polymer, copper and nickel?
- Whether the reflective spectrum from the sample should be considered? And what is the most important caution to consider in such calibration?
- How can it be realized to spread a chemical on electronic circuit over a large area? Will any time be possible to use these kind of transistors in IC?
- The etchant should etch out silicon dioxide but Aluminium metal should remain unharmed. Similarly, is there a wet etch recipe for silicon dioxide that is selective to both aluminum metal & silicon nitride?
- Is it possible to use a thin layer of SiO2 or Si3N4 to stop the diffusion of annealed Ni/Ge/Au/Ni/Au contacts in a III-V structure such as InAlAs-InGaAs-InP? If yes, what should be the minimum thickness of such a layer?
- What is the basic difference between C-V characteristics of HfO2/Si MOS devices with and without backside metallization?
- An n type semiconductor is disturbed homogeneously with an excess majority concentration dn at certain time instant t0 how long the material takes to revert to thermal equilibrium state?
- As devices get smaller and smaller they will be more subjected to failure because of stress or material defects. What is the projected lifetime of such advanced chips and what is their real lifetime?
- Can transistor be used as amplifier?
- What are the most important fields to learn before specializing in semiconductor device physics?
- What are the different types of MOSFET based inverters.
- What are the problems of domino logic and please suggest some remedy also?
- What are the effect of interconnect scaling on various performance parameters of VLSI circuits.
- What is the difference between analog and digital vlsi(conceptually) except being anolog and digital signal? Among analog and digital VLSI which one has better future prospects?
- Explain about Elmore delay model and what is the effect of interconnect parasitic on delay and how it can be reduced?
- What are the factor which affects the threshold voltage?
- Explain why the electric field is zero inside a PEC (Perfect Electric Conductors) and what happens to the magnetic field?
- What are different low power VLSI design limits?
- How can dipole molecules of water can react with magnetic field?
- Why is it required to go for a higher radix number system if the final result is implemented back to binary?
- In physics law it is said that one cannot exceed the speed of light then the why phase velocity of the wave inside the waveguide is greater than the speed of light?
- How is reflected wave generated from metal when electromagnetic wave incident on metal (conductor)?
- How do we calculate different types of power in a circuit using cadence virtuoso?
- What kind of waves can exert a mechanical force on a semiconductor other than sound waves? Can electromagnetic waves or fields exert a force?
- How to derive the relation between dielectric constant and electric susceptibility?
Library Science
Physics
- Electromagnetic
- How does magnetism arise in materials?
- What is the difference between semiconductor and semimetal?
- What is the highest TC in superconducting material?
- What is magnetic susceptibility and how do we differentiate magnetism in materials by susceptibility?
- What is hysteresis curve or MH curve in super conductor?
- What is the significance of the electronic spin polarization
- what is half metal? please explain
- How the heat assisted magnetic recording helps to improve the area density of recording?
- Please explain about Hysteresis in Magnetic Recording
- What are the applications of gauss law in electrostatics?
- Explain Poynting Vector and Power Flow in Electromagnetic Fields.
- Explain the behavior of plane waves in lossless medium
- Explain the validity conditions of W.K.B approxiation
- What is the difference between Magnetic Field and Magnetic Flux?
- What are the conditions for field to be irrotational?
- What are the advantages of using TMS as a reference in NMR spectroscopy?
- Why is it that in the excited state of a molecule the vibrational frequency is smaller than in the ground state?
- Which absorbs at higher frequency OH or CO group?
- What is the range of frequencies covered by pure rotational spectra?
- How the unit vectors are defined in cylindrical co-ordinate systems?
- Explain the electric field distribution inside and outside a conductor.
- What are the various types of charge distributions,Explain with an Example.
- Derive the electric field and potential distribution and the capacitance per unit length of a coaxial cable.
- What is the velocity of electromagnetic wave in free space and in lossless dielectric?
- What is skin depth & what is over Explain “depth of penetration”?
- Explain the theory of rigid diatomic molecules&Explain the non-rigid rotator.
- Explain the difference between dot product and cross product?
- What is Stokes Theorem?
- Explain the types of boundary conditions in defining a Electromagnetic field problem. And compare the electrical field due to infinite line and infinite plane source.
- What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium for a concurrent force system?
- Explain in detail Wave guides.
- We need some suggestion related to ZnO thin film by Thermal Evaporation method.
- Explain the effect of doping on Fermi level in semiconductors
- What do you understand by radial and transverse acceleration?
- Explain the construction of Wigner-Seitz cell.
- How is reciprocal lattice constructed?
- Explain about the free electron model in three dimensions.
- How to calculate the number of lattice points in a fcc structure?
- Discuss the simultaneity in relativity.
- Explain switching mode power supply.
- Explain the advantages of Instrumentation Amplifier over op-amplifier.
- Why EMI is regulated?
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- What is the difference between free electron theory and band thoey of solids?
- Why is the mass of an electron moving in a semiconductor said to be an"effective mass"?
- How does the elevation and air pressure affect the boiling point of water?
- What type of bonding do crystals containing colourcentres have?
- What is a Transducer? Difference between active and passive transducers.
- What is the difference between Latch and Flip Flop?
- What is the significance of critical temperature and critical magnetic field for superconductors?
- Explain the temperature dependence of resistivity in superconducting materials.
- What is the decay time for super current in super conductors?
- What can destroy the property of super conductivity?
- Give the relation between magnetic susceptibility, magnetization and magnetic field with the physical meaning of symbols.
- Define intensity of magnetization.
- What type of magnetism is developed in a superconductor when its temp is lowered below its critical temp?
- What are Quantum dots? Give the important applications of Quantum dots?
- What do you mean by Nano Science? Give the features of nanosystems.
- What are the applications spintronics?
- What is the requirement for nano sensors?
- Discuss the quantum theory of paramagnetism.
- There is high microwave permeability in magnetic thin films. Why?
- Could you explain about thin film interference?
- Explain why, when electron capture occurs, a neutrino rather than an antineutrino is produced.
- Explain why the alpha particle, once outside the nucleus, is unaffected by the strong nuclear force
- What is meant by isotopes?
- Explain the quantum theory of diamagnetism.
- Explain dielectric susceptibility.
- How to identify the volume of a hard disc according to its platter.
- A point charge of 4.0 MicroC experiences an electrostatic force of 0.02 N. How to calculate the electric field strength at the position of this charge.
- What is meant by the �electrostatic potential at a point�?
- Explain about Hilbert space and how it is used in quantum mechanics?
- What is normal and anomalous dispersion? Explain Sellmeier�s equation for the refractive index of dielectric medium
- How to find the power radiated by an oscillating electric dipole
- Explain the principle of electrostatic shielding.
- Why non-equilibrium excess carriers are generated in semiconductor? Why are the electron generation rate and recombination rate equal in thermal equilibrium?
- What is velocity saturation? Why mobility of electrons is higher in GaAs type semiconductor material rather silicon?
- Explain the flat band voltage of MOSFET.
- Discuss about punch-through breakdown in BJT.
- Could you please explain CV characteristics of MOSFET?
- What is the cause of permanent magnetism.
- Why and how an iron rode gets magnetic property?
- A large audio speaker may serve to demonstrate both the principles of electromagnetism and of electromagnetic induction. How this may be done?
- Discuss about statistical ensembles.
- Explain the concept of equal-a-priori probability.
- What are the applications spintronics?
- Why non-equilibrium excess carriers are generated in semiconductor? Why are the electron generation rate and recombination rate equal in thermal equilibrium?
- Explain how Newton’s third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the collision between two objects in an isolated system.
- Establish the relation between the elastic constant of a material.
- What are the limitations on laboratory scattering angle during elastic collision of two bodies?
- Please explain De Broglie wavelength?
- Discuss about adiabatic approximation.
- Explain about FEM and FVM.
- What is the meaning of stiffness matrix?
- Explain the Helmholtz equation?
- What are the difference between ion-implantation and diffusion?
- What is the difference between ohmic and rectifying contacts?
- What is the impact of ohmic contact on P type and N type semiconductor? Is it same or not?
- Explain the concept of effective mass.
- What are bosons and fermions? How are they distributed among different energy states?
- In n type semiconductor, the number of free electron is greater than the number of holes. Does it have net negative charge? Why?
- What is Hall Effect? Please explain.
- How nano technology can be used in Biomedical?
- What is boson? and how it is used in
electric field.
- What is difference between CFL, LED and Oled?
- How can we compare CFL, LED Oled on the basis of energy effiency andcost of production for the consumers?
- Why AMOLED based screen are used in mobile and what are pros andcons of this screen technology with other mobile displays?
- What are organic semiconductors and how are they different from normalsemi conductor devices?
- What are molecular crystal and their properties?
- What is the screen burn problem in display devices?
- How chemical vapor decomposition (CVD) is use in semiconductor devices?
- Is it possible to use an opt interrupter as an opt isolator?
- How can we create multilayer semiconductor circuit in 3D space, will it provide solution for high computation requirement and please explain how it can be more heat efficient?
- Why is silicon more in use than germanium in semiconductor industry? Is there any major disadvantage of using germanium or there is less research on germanium? As computation requirement has increased and there are limitations in Moore's law, can we switch to some other semiconductor device other than silicon to provide more computation power in less dense circuit?
- What makes OLEDs optimal for flexible displays or wearable displays?
- Sir please explain crystal structure of silicon and GaAs.
- What future applications of photovoltaic are anticipated?
- How much of a demand would be created if all currently cost-effective utility applications actually used PV systems?
- What are the risk reduction and environmental benefits of PV power?
- How could we power flexible oled screens with wearable power source and could we transmit data onto it with Bluetooth?
- Is using a display panel as a light sensor conceivable?
- What is the current development status of Transparent OLEDs?
- How is this OLED cable being soldered to PCB?
- Why are these materials like gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide, aluminium gallium arsenide etc used in Light Emitting diodes?
- What are the relative permeability and electrical conductivity of GaAs?
- Why can solar cells be made of indirect and direct semiconductors?
- How different type of crystal structure varies the properties of material in solid states?
- What are assumption in band structure theory?
- Please give some details about Bloch Wave.
- What are the properties of Bravais lattice which make it useful for solid state materials?
- What are typical crystal structures for metals and why?
- Explain the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. Why can the nuclei-nuclei term be treated as a constant?
- What is Debye model and its use in solid states?
- What is the relation between stress and strain in the region of proportionality?
- What happens microscopically during the fracture process?
- What are nanomaterials? Please explain the methods of preparing nanomaterials.
- What are the differences between top down approach and bottom up approach in synthesis of nano powders?
- What are the merits of powder diffraction method?
- What is atomic scattering factor? How is it related to geometrical structure factor?
- Please explain the terms permeability and susceptibility and also give the relation between them.
- Does mass gives a object/particle a decrease of time dilation and length contraction? And if the speed of light has little to do with the mass. Why do only mass less particle travelthe speed of light?
- What is characteristic property of a diamagnetic material? And how does a diamagnetic material behave when it is cooled to very lowtemperature?
- Why do we prefer steel or alnico for making permanent magnets?
- Could you please tell me an iron bar magnet is heated to 1000 C thencooled in a magnetic field free space? Will it retain magnetism?
- Explain the use of chemical isomer shift in understanding electronic structure in Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
- How to define BCS theory of superconductivity?
- What is the relation between isotope effect and interaction?
- What interaction is important for superconductivity pairs?
- What makes certain alloys more effective at superconductivity than others?
- If BCS theory works for low-temperature superconductors why is it insufficient for these high-temperature superconductors?
- What is the reasoning for why superconductors can allow electrons to pass through a lattice like a wave?
- Is the quasi-electron number a conservation one?
- How to derive the expressions for magnetic field intensity due to toroidal coil and circular coil?
- How to derive an expression for energy stored and energy density in an electrostatic field?
- How long does it take for the current to become zero in a superconductor after a source is removed?
- Please explain what it means that the negatively charged electrons in a metal have a plasma oscillation mode. Why isnt there an analogous mode of oscillation for the positively charged background ions?
- Why does a pure semiconductor behave like an insulator at absolute zero temperature? What happens to the conductivity of semiconductor with the rise in temperature? As compare with the conductivity of metals. And why temperature coefficient of resistance of a semiconductor is negative?
- How to define mobility of a carrier? How to shows that the mobility constant of electron is larger than that of a hole? For the same order of doping, why does n-type semiconductor exhibit larger conductivity than p-type semiconductor? What do we mean by drift velocity and mobility of a free electron?
- What is the forbidden energy gap? How does it occur? What is its magnitude for Ge and Si? What is the importance of valence shell and valence electrons?
- Describe about magnetic property.
- How to differentiate between Paramagnetism and Diamagnetism property of a material.
- How to calculate the magnetic moment of an isolated atom?
- What is magnetic susceptibility?
- What's so "special" about super paramagnetism?
- What is optical pumping? Please explain the three level pumping schemes.
- How to differentiate between diamagnetic and paramagnetic substances?
- What are the thermoelectric diagrams? How are they used to find neutral temperature and the temperature of inversion?
- How to explain the use of Hall Effect in measuring concentration and mobility of charge carrier in an N-type semiconductor?
- What are the important methods of liquefaction of gases?
- How to obtain the distribution law for electron gas in a metal at absolute zero?
- How low pressure is measured using Knudsens gauge? Why is it called an absolute gauge? How is leakage detected?
- How will you determine specific heat of a liquid by the method of cooling?
- How to derive an expression for the variation of mass with velocity?
- What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material? Does critical angle depend on the color of light? Explain.
- What is the consequence when the electron, when both holes are opened in the double gap experiment makes an interference pattern?
- How to compare the resolution and magnification of optical microscope with that of electron microscope?
- i) How does the LED Work? ii) What are the factors that decrease the life time of laser diode?
- What are the major advantages of LED over LCD?
- How does the field strength vary with the distance from the wire?
- In the double slit experiment for electrons, what are the materials used for the detection screen?
- Is there an objective asymmetry between a collapsed and un-collapsed wave function?
- How to derive an equation of built in voltage in terms of carrier densities? Why there is difference in the characteristics of Ge, Si and GaAs diodes?
- Explain motion of carriers with bias applied under forward bias condition with diagram.
- What is the process of photolithography to transfer the image on the reticle not the water?
- How to determine transistor currents in the active region? How to show that the BJT in the common emitter connection is a linear current amplifier?
- Are all the rays in an electromagnetic spectrum transverse wave? And why does the wavelength change when the wave enters from one medium to another?
- How NMR is helpful in medical science, is it harmful as x-rays as it is radioactive?
- Why is the Fermi wavelength much larger in a semiconductor compared to a metal?
- How does the resistance of a channel change when the length is increased for a quasi and true ballistic channel?
- What is the relevant energy-scale for Coulomb blockade?
- How small can a superconductor be?
- How many electrons are in a Cooper pair? What is the total spin of a Cooper pair? Which type of statistics do Cooper pairs obey: Boltzmann, Fermi-Dirac or Bose Einstein?
- Does Andreev reflection occur in a SIS (superconductor-insulator-superconductor) junction?
- How can a system with ballistic (i.e. strictly elastic) transport have finite conductance without any dissipation of energy?
- How can we find the activation energy using photoconductivity in PbEuTe/PbTe quantum well with only conductivity and temperature?
- A current-carrying conductor experiences a force when placed in a magnetic field. What are two factors that affect the magnitude of the force?
- How to derive the Gibbs Thomson equation for vapour and solution?
- What are four stages of kinetics of phase change?
- How to derive the Gibbs Thomson equation for vapour and solution?
- Explain extrinsic semiconductor and how to derive the expression for carrier concentration for n-type and p-type semiconductors?
- Distinguish between Ohmic and Schottky contact.
- What are the different types of polarization mechanisms in dielectrics? What is the role of frequency of applied electric field on the polarization in dielectrics?
- How to define electro-optic effect? Please explain in detail about the amplitude and phase modulators.
- How to derive Schrodinger equation for a particle in a one-dimensional box? How to determine the eigen values and eigen functions for the same?
- What is the difference between fluorescence and phosphorescence?
- Explain about the Ohmic contact of metal semiconductor junction.
- How to derive Poynting Vector?
- How a DC electric field might produce Bloch oscillations in a metal? Why dont we ever observe Bloch oscillations in real materials?
- Why we can have neither van Hove singularities nor Fermi surface nesting in the case of electrons whose dispersion k = h 2 k 2/2m? is perfectly free-electron-like?
- What is Fermi-Dirac Distribution function and also mention the meaning of all the terms used over there? What should be continuous at the interface of two materials, electric potential chemical or electrochemical potential?
- How diffusion and drift current in a PN junction get equal?
- When we talk about gravity we usually talk about gravitational potential energy, and not gravitational potential. In electrostatics we do the opposite we usually talk about electric potential rather than electric potential energy. What is the difference between electric potential and electric potential energy?
- Why is the electric potential energy of a pair of like charges positive and the electric potential energy of a pair of unlike charges negative?
- The electric field inside a uniformly charged hollow sphere is zero. Does this necessarily mean that the potential inside the sphere is zero?
- Howdoes the magnetic compass needle behave in a magnetic field?
- Why magnetic materials exhibit the property ofmagnetization?
- What is the basis for classifying a material as a conductor, semiconductor or a dielectric?
- Is electron-hole pair generation and recombination process in insulator same as semiconductors?
- The density of sodium at a temperature of 5 Kelvin is 1.01 grams/cm3. How to calculate the Fermi wave vector by using free electron (i.e., Sommerfeld) model?
- Why does a bias voltage induce a change in the width of the depletion region in a p-n junction?
- How to draw the resistivity of a typical metal and a typical semiconductor as a function of temperature? Please describe the dominant effect in the temperature dependence in each case.
- Is there any method to convert indirect band gap of Si and Ge to direct band gap?
- Why extrinsic semiconductors are formed by doping either trivalent or pentavalent? What will happen if bivalent or hexavalent elements are used as dopants?
- How to differentiate between allowed and forbidden transitions in direct band gap semiconductors?
- Is there any relation between traps energy level and electron capture cross-section in semiconductor materials?
- Other than single relaxation time how Debye type behaviour effects the electrical properties of amorphous semiconductors particularly chalcogenide glasses?
- What is a hole in semiconductor?
- Explain the concept of donor and acceptor impurities.
- Why does a pure semiconductor behave like an insulator at absolute zero temperature?
- Why only direct band gap semiconductors are used for fabricating lasers?
- If a materials consists of polycrystalline, crystalline and amorphous
phase, is it possible to calculate total magnetization from degree of
crystallanity?
- What does it mean when Zero field cooled (ZFC) and field cooled (FC)
curve completely merge with each other?
- What really inspired cooper to consider electron electron interaction?
What does the function N (E) means in the derivation regarding cooper
pairs?
- We have seen that microscopic particles, such as electrons, display
wave behavior. What about macroscopic objects? Do they also display wave
features?
- What is Fermi level?
- Explain Fermi level in superconductors.
- What is the need of reciprocal lattice vector to define crystal structure?
- Solid or liquid, which one cools faster?
- What are the easy ways to calculate Bandgap from UV-reflectance spectrum for NiO powder samples?
- What is the relation between skin depth and optical properties of semiconducting materials?
- What is the origin of deep traps in semiconductors?
- How to explain ferromagnetism in nonmagnetic doped semiconductors?
- Mechanics
- In the quantum mechanics, what is the difference between expectation value and average value?
- Please explain dry friction and laws of dry friction
- What determines the intensity of light in the photon picture of light?
- What is the meaning of the term electric field strength at a point?
- What is meant by an equipotential surface?
- The force between electrically charged particles depends on the magnitude of charge, the distance of separation, and what else?
- In addition to induced voltage, what does the current produced by electromagnetic induction depend?
- The refractive index of diamond is much greater than glass? Does diamond cutter use this fact.
- How could you get Doppler shifts with light if the speed of light never changes?
- The mass of the earth is about 6x10^24 kg. How to estimate the kinetic energy it has as a result of its orbiting the sun
- Differentiate between optical density and mass density?
- Explain the Laws of Friction and Transmissibility of Force
- What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium for a concurrent force system?
- What are the conditions of equilibrium of rigid bodies?
- What is uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion?.
- F=ma. In this calculation are we taking relativity into account?
- Consider a light beam passing through a horizontal column of water moving with velocity v.
&
How to determine the speed u of the light measured in the lab frame when the beam travels in the same direction as the flow of the water.
- Can nano technology be applied segregate protons.
- Are they any special wave for generator of protons.
-
How a Photo Voltaic cell works.
- What are ferrimagnetic substances?
- How to determine whether the pair of linear equation is consistent by using graphical method.
- Discuss the properties of 4-vectors and compare with 3-vectors
- Are there any possibilities of break-even reactions in nuclear fusion and if so, how is it possible to derive nuclear fusion energy through self-sufficient pure energy?
- Is there any way to control this?
- Explain about electromagnetic field sensor.
- What is joule Thomson effect? Please explain how enthalpy remains constant during joule Thomson experiment?
- What is entropy? Explain that the change in entropy for a cyclic reversible process is zero
- How can a straight wire produce a magnetic field?
- Establish Einstein�s mass energy relation.
- Explain time-dilation in relativity.
- Express grad, div and curl in spherical polar coordinate system.
- What is meant by principle of covariance? Differentiate between covariance and
invariance.
- What is meant by parity violation in beta decay process?
- What are the constraints? Explain holonomic and non-holonomic constraints.
- Explain the conservation theorem for linear and angular momentum for a system of particles.
- What is Demagnetizing field for any magnetic thin film? How is it related to Shape anisotropy and Volume anisotropy?
- Discuss the applications of magnetic thin films.
- Explain about dirac notation
- What is meant by zero crossing detectors? Discuss opamp as zero crossing detectors.
- Compare classical and quantum mechanical treatment for scattering of identical particles.
- What is the main physical consequence of introducing local gauge invariance?
- How to establish the equation of motion of a forced harmonic oscillator?
- Why we cannot measure impurity concentration by measuring I-V characteristics of the material?
- In quantum mechanics how space can be n-dimensional and what is need of n-dimensional space?
- We understand little bit quantum mechanics but we cannot get the practical application. Can you give any one practical application of quantum mechanics?
- Which phenomenon can occur with light, but not with sound?
- Can total internal reflection occur when light travels from rarer to denser medium?
- What is the deep reason for the different speed between photon andelectron?
- How (or whether) wave function collapse occurs?
- How does an atom interact with a photon off resonance?
- Where do electrons get or lose the energy that allows them to changeenergy levels?
- In what respects are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity unsatisfactory?
- The Michaelson-Morley experiment discovered aether. If the aether wind moved at exactly the speed of light and we fired a laser into the aether wind what would lights speed be?
- Does the special-relativistic time dilation depend on the acceleration of the moving clock?
- How to calculate the critical angle of incidence for the interface between two optical media and how to describe the process of total internal reflection?
- What is Cherenkov and Bremsstrahlung radiation and difference between them?
- How do living beings operate on the subatomic scale? Do living organisms harness "spooky" quantum mechanical effects to cheat death? Could life exist without quantum mechanics?
- Could quantum mechanics and quantum theory explain flow of time?
- Is quantum mechanics based on probability theory? Or probability theory is based on quantum mechanics, if we consider time scale. And why quantum physics must use probability theory?
- In Modern Physics and Quantum Mechanics courses we say electrons, protons and photons behave like waves, as well as like particles. What would you say are the simplest particle-like and wave-like properties that one of these things could show?
- Consider a measurement involving catching my university bus in a quantum mechanical world. My timetable says that the bus will arrive at 9:00 am. Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle would say that the time of arrival must have an associated uncertainty. What does he mean by uncertainty?
- What is the difference between single body quantum theory and many body quantum theory?
- Explain the physics behind Schrdinger's Cat Paradox and its applications in Quantum Mechanics.
- What is the difference between single body quantum theory and many body quantum theory?
- Explain photon polarization. And how does quantum mechanics help in photon's polarization?
- What are the applications of double-slit experiment?
- Why can't Einstein and Quantum Mechanics get along?
- How long can a hanging steel wire be before it breaks under its own weight?
- How the samples are prepared for micro structural examination? Why is etching carried out?
- Paralytic transformation; correlation between austenite and pearlier grains size.
- Why don't FCC metals have a brittle-to-ductile temperature transition?
- Can the impulse momentum of a valence electron be defined?
- How much mass is the threshold after which quantum mechanics no longer applies in the double slit experiment?
- How do we realize the wave for an electron orbiting a nucleus in its first orbit as per bohr model?
- Sir please explain what properties having finite square well, but havent by Delta Dirac functioned.
- Is there any self-adjoint operator bounded in all Hilbert spaces with a physical significance in quantum mechanics?
- Why do some people claim that quantum physics and general relativity theory will never get along?
- What is the relationship between the uncertainty in position and the wave function of a particle?
- Sir, does random phase approximation (RPA) response function obey Kramers-Kronig relations?
- Why is the average momentum of a particle in a potential well zero?
- Is there any difference between orbital frequency of hydrogen atom and frequency of emitted radiations for the same?
- What is the Bose-Einstein condensation?
- Why does Bose-Einstein condensation differ from ordinary condensation?
- What is the zero-point energy and zero point pressure of Fermi gas?
- Which conditions do the Bose-Einstein and Fermi Dirac distribution approach Maxwell Boltzmann distribution?
- What is the difference between degenerate gas and degenerate energy level?
- Please explain the Drude model to understand electron conduction.
- How electron has different energy levels in solid and why there is bands gaps?
- How reciprocal lattice represent fourier transform?
- How FermiDirac describe the distribution of particle over energy state?
- What is quantum tunneling?
- Please explain the application of scanning tunneling microscope.
- How to find the inner product of the functions sin(x) and cos(x) on the interval 0 ? x ? 1?
- How to verify that sin(x) is not a normalized function on the interval 0?x? 2??
- What energy or wavelength must x-ray have if theyre to be used in diffraction experiments for the purpose of characterizing crystal structure? When x-rays scatter from a material, are they interacting with protons, neutrons or electrons?
- The free energy of a two-component system must behave in what way (as a function of relative concentration) for the system to be unstable to phase separation?
- Which way do the magnetic moments of the individual atoms of a ferromagnetic material point within a single domain?
- Does the existence of domains reduce or increase the overall magnetic energy of a ferromagnet?
- How susceptibility indicates whether a material is attracted into or repelled out of a magnetic field?
- What is the wave function of a Bose-Einstein condensate made of composite particles?
- If we obtain two X-ray diffraction patterns from a metal sample. The first pattern is recorded prior to the metal being work hardened, and the second is taken after the treatment. If we were to compare the before and after patterns, what is likely to be the main difference between them and why do we see this difference?
- What types of radiation other than X-rays are commonly used to obtain diffraction patterns? What are the energies needed to perform crystal diffraction with these types of radiation?
- Why are composite fermions either bosons or fermions but not neither?
- A particle moving with uniform retardation covers three successive equal distance. The average velocity during the first and the third parts of the journey being 20m/s and 12m/s respectively. How to determine the average velocity in the middle part of the journey?
- How to evaluate the path integral?
- Wiens displacement law.
- What are the postulates of Plancks quantum theory?
- For a free particle moving within a one dimensional potential box, the ground state energy cannot be zero. Why?
- How to find the temperature at which there is 1% probability that a state with energy 0.5 eV above fermi energy will be occupied?
- What is standard devotion mean square devotion?
- Why cant quantum mechanics explain gravity?
- Why doesn't an electron lose energy when tunneling?
- After Quantum Mechanics, a big theoretical problem was to make atoms in excited states emit light. Please explain. What does make excited atoms emit light?
- How can energy be conserved while state transition is of uncertainty?
- Why cant using 2 separate measuring instruments to measure position and velocity work?
- When two particles are entangled and it is observed that one has its spin up, how long does it take for the others spin to be down?
- When solving the Schrodinger equation, how do we know what functions to use (exponential and sine or cosine) for the solution (wave function)?
- Does mathematical sloppiness in quantum mechanics ever produce incorrect predictions?
- What is the end-to-end distance for a polymer with no restrictions (freely jointed chains)?
- Why are some fluids classified as Newtonian fluid?
- What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?
- How to define compressibility and viscosity of a fluid?
- What is viscosity? What is cause of it in liquids and in gases?
- What is effect of temperature on viscosity of water and that of air?
- What are major assumptions made in the derivation of the Bernoullis equation?
- How can you characterize a polymer without details of the monomer chemistry?
- Please explain variational principle. How to show that the shortest distance between two points in a plane is a straight line?
- How many degrees of freedom a rigid body fixed at a point has? Why?
- How to find the pressure at the end of a capillary tube if flow rate is unknown?
- Are the first order phase transitions always associated with a latent heat?
- Why Drude model is unable to correctly explain the electronic contribution to the specific heat and magnetic properties of metals, and the temperature dependence of resistivity at low temperatures?
- Can you please explain Drude-Sommerfeld model? And why electrons are modelled as a Fermi gas?
- At what temperature electrical resistivity of mercury to vanish?
- What is Goldstone bosons?
- MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, electric field gradients and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body. Isnt it as harmful to human body or tissues as we say about X-Rays?
- How can we compute the expectation value of the full interacting Hamiltonian using the ground state of the mean-field Hamiltonian?
- Does one has to study solid state physics to understand the functioning of nano materials (Quantum Dots)?
- Niels Bohr used quantum mechanics to describe which element? Is it hydrogen or helium?
- In Quantum Mechanics, why we say that light behaves like a particle, as well as like a wave?
- Can you please describe mathematically the Heisenberg uncertainty relations?
- Can you please tell us about Bragg law?
- What is the relation between stress and strain in the region of proportionality?
- What is Gibbs paradox? How is it resolved?
- Explain the concept of microstate and macrostates.
- What is the relation between stream function and velocity potential function?
- What are the assumptions made in deriving Bernoullis equation and what are its applications?
- What is the comparison between the basic postulates of B.E. and F.D. statistics?
- Why would we have to consider the chemical potential to be negative or zero? Is there anything to do with the reference to the ground state energy level?
- Can a two dimensional Ising model state have positive internal energy?
- In a canonical ensemble, why does change in energy not cause the temperature to change?
- What is the difference between stationary state and thermodynamic equilibrium?
- How to find out if the expectation value of an anti-hermitian operator is complex, pure real or pure or pure imaginary?
- How to obtain Schrodingers time-dependent equation?
- Using Schrodingers steady state equation, How to obtain Eigen values of energy of particle in three-dimensional rigid box?
- What is Joule-Thomson coefficient?
- How to obtain the vibrational spectrum of a linear diatomic lattice?
- What is Fermi surface? Also, explain the construction of Fermi surfaces.
- How to define coordination number and packing factor? And how to calculate the packing factor for BCC structure?
- What typical conformations a homopolymer may adopt in a dilute solution? What are the main factors affecting the conformation of a single chainin solution?
- How the flexibility and conformation of amacromolecule are related to each other?
- What is Brownian motion and how it is related to the diffusion of macromolecules in dilute solutions?
- How to derive Lagranges equation of motion?
- Using the definition of an infinitesimal space translation operator, how to prove that two successive space translations in two mutually perpendicular directions x and y commute?
- How to define an anti-linear and anti-unitary operator and how to prove that the inner product of two state kets considered under the reversal of motion (time-reversal) is preserved?
- What are dynamical operators? Are they different from the space inversion operator?
- How to find out if the expectation value of an anti-hermitian operator is complex, pure real or pure imaginary?
- How to find out if the commutator of two antihermitian operators is hermitian or antihermitian?
- How to derive the relationship between Poisson bracket and Lagrange bracket?
- How to obtain the Lagrangian for a charged particle moving in an electromagnetic field?
- What are the advantages of Hamiltonian formalism over Lagrangian formalism?
- How to prove that the rotational kinetic energy is conserved in the torque free motion of a rigid body?
- State and explain Faradays and Lenzs law of induction and derive maxwells equation.
- What is the role of Umklapp process in the study of thermal conductivity in insulators?
- In one dimension random walk problem. What is the root mean square deviation?
- State Maxwells four thermodynamic relations and hence find second Tds equation.
- What physical feature corresponds to truncation of the Ewald sum in an ionic solid?
- If a UV-visible spectrum shows two absorption minima, which one should be considered for bandgap calculation?
- What is origin of the energy band formation in solids? Perturbation theory or Pauli Exclusion Principle.
- What is the difference between a photon carrying an electromagnetic force and a photon carrying electromagnetic energy?
- What is the exact difference between Group velocity and Phase velocity in Electromagnetics?
- What is the maximum distance of a fiber optic link that can be achieved without using any optical amplifier or repeater?
- What happens with the EM energy of interfering photons when they met at dark fringes?
- What electron is? Is it particle or wave? Because many says it is wave and some say it as particle?
- What is the difference between an optical and an acoustic phonon?
- Is Nature based on a perfect hyperfluid , an active background, the unique responsible of all the interactions?
- How relevant is theoretical physics if the nature of our reality is not
a theory?
- Is gravity a Newtonian force or Einstein space-time curvature?
- What is the difference between quantum and classical mechanics?
- What is the electric field inside a hollow conducting sphere with charge q on its surface? What is the electric potential inside?
- How much work does it take to push a charge around on an equipotential line in an electric field say, in a circle around a second charge?
- What is the difference between an experiment and a gedanken experiment?
- In what ways does light exhibit particle behavior? In what ways does light exhibit wavelike behavior? What are the key historic experiments that demonstrate the wave particle duality of light?
- In the Quantum Mechanics course, we have read about the early experiments with cathode rays and radioactive emissions; and that these are now believed to be particles. What are the properties that these things show that led to their being labeled as particles?
- What is the phase stability problem in synchronization and how to derive an expression for frequency of oscillations? How can we calculate conditional Lyapunov exponent of coupled systems to detect generalized synchronization?
- If quantum cloning was possible would entanglement enable faster than light communication?
- How forces are represented from Quantum Computation or Entanglement Perspective?
- Can you give the basic examples of application of quantum mechanics?
- Light consists of photons: very small light quanta. But what is a photon really? Is it a particle or a wave? Or something in between?
- We have seen that microscopic particles, such as electrons, display wave behavior. What about macroscopic objects? Do they also display wave features?
- How the fix value of planks constant h=6.6x10^-34 Js comes?
- How to obtain the normal modes of vibration of a linear triatomic molecule?
- What are cyclic co-ordinates?
- Explain the principle of least action.
- Is it possible to simulate the coupling phenomenon of quantum dot and plasmonic?
- What is quantum mechanics and how one started looking for quantum mechanics?
- In the quantum measurement process, there is an apparatus chain from tiny quantum system to our eyes, where is the classical-quantum border? And why?
- How to calculate the velocity and radius of curvature of a charged particle in a perpendicular magnetic and parallel electric field?
- What two conditions define a conservative, central force? How to show that angular momentum is conserved for a central force? In one dimension, how is the magnitude of a conservative force, F, related to the potential energy, V?
- What quantities are conserved in an elastic collision with no external forces? In a one dimensional elastic collision of two objects how does the relative velocity of the objects change as a result of the collision?
- Explain atomic scattering and structure factor.
- What are symmetric and anti-symmetric wave function? How symmetric and anti-symmetric functions are constructed from unsymmetrised functions?
- In Quantum Mechanics, can we really separate the mathematical formalism from the physical interpretation?
- Miscellaneous
- Optics
- Radio waves diffract strongly around buildings, but light waves, which are also electromagnetic waves, do not. Why?
- Colored spectrum is seen when we look through a muslin cloth, but not through coarse cloth. Why?
- Why is diffraction common in sound but not in light?
- Explain about differential cross section. How the differential cross section is directly proportional to scattering amplitude
- Differentiate between the red shift and the blue shift?
- What determines the intensity of light in the photon picture of light?
- Why does refraction occur when light passes from one medium to another?
- Derive the expression for natural frequency of undamped free vibration.
- The refractive index of diamond is much greater than glass? Does diamond cutter use this fact.
- Can white light produce interference? What is the nature?
- In young s double slit experiment. The distance
between the slits is halved, what change in the fringe width will take place?
- What is polarization of light? What type of waves show the property of polarization?
- Explain classical and quantum theory of Raman effect.
- Explain Frank-Condon principle.
- Theory of vibrational and rotational structure of electronic spectra.
- Explain the Poynting vector?
- Explain the theory of Zeeman effect.
- Explain the Frank-Codon principle and dissociation energy.
- Explain different types of optical fibers
- Explain the conditions for population inversion and laser pumping in a two level laser
- Discuss the theory of a diffraction grating.
- What is linear quadrapole?
- Explain Michelson-Morley experiment with reference to the special theory of relativity.
- Explain the Scattering by Coloumb and Yukawa Potential
- What are the characteristics of laser light and also explain population inversion?
- Discuss the partial wave analysis.
- What is optical density and mass density?
- What is Hubble telescope and how it works?
- Why is the formula to find the speed of a wave v=wavelength/period?
- Explain the experimental techniques and applications of IR spectroscopy.
&
What is the use of interferometer? How it works?
- Explain NMR spectrometer and relaxation process.
- What is the difference in operation principle of AAS and AES?
- What is the difference between ICP-AES and ICP-OES?
- How a solid which is not transparent to visible light and whose electrical conductivity decreases with increase in temperature is formed?
- When donor impurities are added to a semiconductor. The concentration of holes decreases. Explain with reasons.
- How liquid crystal materials are used in construction of liquid crystal display devices?
- What are the advantages and disadvantages of LEDs in electronic display?
- Explain the working of Avalanche Photodiode.
- Explain the construction of a Junction photodiode.
- What is mode locking of Lasers?
- What are the applications of Holography techniques?
- Discuss the theory of polarization dispersion relation in an insulator.
- Why glass is transparent? But other insulator are not transparent.
- I would like to know about Chandrasekhar limit and about the happenings in black holes.
- Why few glasses are transparent from one side
but are not transparent from other side.
- How can one calculate the intermolecular distance of a molecule with Raman spectroscopy?
- What is OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) and how does it work? And what makes it so great?
- What is mediphotonics? And what are its applications and how useful can it be for India?
- How do lasers help create both the coldest and hottest spots on earth?
- What is nanotoxicology and nanoparticle micro-injection and how it is related to Raman Spectroscopy? Are there any ill effects of nanotoxicology?
- How is IR spectrometer different from a UV-visible spectrometer?
- What are ultra shot laser pulses? How it is generated and what are its applications?
- Will more electricity be generated by using a lens to focus sunlight onto solar cells?
- What is the difference between fiber optics manufacturer and a fiber optics system manufacturer?
- How are ultrafast dynamics identified in fem to second laser spectroscopy?
- Besides the 2nd law of thermodynamics, what laws of optics prevent the temperature of the focal point of lens from being hotter than the light source?
- When are the reflectance R and the transmittance T equal to each other at normal incidence?
- Why are the fabry Perot Interference fringe sharper than Michelson interferometer fringe?
- Which frequencies of IR and UV light best penetrate the atmosphere with least interference?
- Can we squeeze a light beam through a hole or a slit that is much smaller than the wavelength?
- How we might be able to make a laser that has a dimension one thousandth of hairs thickness?
- Why the plots of a second-order intensity correlation function appear both Bunching and Antibunching?
- Unlike laser beams, KALI does not bore a hole in the target but thoroughly damages the on-board electronic systems. How?
- What is it about laser light that gives it a surgical capability?
- Difference between spontaneous and stimulated emissions.
- Have low level lasers been scientifically studied and proven?
- Does implementing a non-linear transformation experimentally necessarily require some non-linear material?
- Please explain, how is the third-order optics theory equation derived?
- Are there Optical Magnetic Mirrors (OMMs) which actually reflect via interaction with the magnetic field?
- How small can a spherical clear glass bead be before it loses its transparency?
- Besides the 2nd law of thermodynamics, what laws of optics prevent the temperature of the focal point of lens from being hotter than the light source?
- Why does spontaneous emission takes place when considering electronic transitions as opposed to vibrational ones?
- What does it mean to say that two optical systems are equivalent to each other?
- What is difference between scattering and diffraction?
- Why does diffusion lead to decrease of depletion layer width in pn junction under forward bias but increment in no bias (equilibrium)?
- How can we do modulo operation on two image matrices with the help of laser and optical devices?
- How we programe microcontroller 8051?
- What are the wavelengths ranges for the ultraviolet and visible regions of the spectrum?
- Does light really slows down when moving through a transparent medium?
- What is the relationship between the energy (E) and wavelength (?), and energy (E) and frequency (V) of electromagnetic radiation?
- What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material? Does critical angle depend on the color of light? Explain.
- How to define Brewsters angle? Please show that the reflected and refracted rays are perpendicular to each other when the angle of incidence is equal to the Brewsters angle.
- How does an unpolarized light incident on a Polaroid get polarized?
- What are the types of radiation observed in the electromagnetic spectrum going from high to low energy? And what types of processes occur in atoms or molecules for each type of radiation?
- If you were using UV spectroscopy for quantitative analysis, what criteria would we use in selecting a wavelength for the analysis?
- What molecular or structural features give rise to absorption of ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) radiation in organic species? Please give an example of an organic compound that would not absorb UV/VIS radiation.
- If you were using UV spectroscopy for quantitative analysis, what criteria would we use in selecting a wavelength for the analysis?
- Do you expect different absorption peaks or bands from an atomic or molecular substance to have different intensities? If so, what does this say about the transitions?
- What is the role of Plasmon's in metals and semiconductor? What are the differences between surface plasmon polariton and surface plasmon resonance? What are the advantages and disadvantages of plasmonic waveguides compared to dielectric waveguides?
- How can laser penetrate the object without burning outer shell of object? Like it is said for KALI laser gun, it destroys circuit without burning outer shell?
- How can we model 2D materials like MoS2 in a simulator program such as Comsol, lumerical or Rsoft?
- What is surface plasmon polariton?
- Is graphene can be used as a plasmonic material instead of using gold, silver etc?
- Is there any difference between Surface plasmon polariton and surface plasmon resonance?
- How to use a thin metal film and evanescent wave in the Kretchmann Geometry to excite a surface plasmon; be sure to include the coupling condition. A change in what sample property is detected by a surface plasmon system? How is the change observed?
- What the easiest way to measure the resonance feature in the reflection spectrum of a nanohole array?
- Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) uses Raman scattering to probe the sample near a surface. How does Raman scattering produce light at a different wavelength than the excitation light?
- We have an interface between two materials n1 = 1.3, n2 = 1.5. How an evanescent wave is created at this interface?
- What are the applications of a UV/VIS Spectrophotometer?
- What is the electronic configuration of praseodymium? (Z=59)
- What is the effect of istopic substitution on the microwave spectrum of a diatomic molecule?
- Why homonuclear diatomic molecules are microwave inactive?
- Why IR spectrum of ethanol gives a strong OH band at 3650?
- Explain spontaneous and stimulated emission. What is the mechanism of development of LASER?
- What is the effective temperature of the laser levels must be negative in order for a laser to oscillate?
- In a system of two nanoparticles in a medium, will one nanoparticles change the background electric field for the other?
- What is the relationship between scattering of a gold nanoparticle and radiative damping of the plasmon supported by the gold nanoparticle?
- Why a single-sheet graphene has optical phonon mode?
- How can we describe 2d materials like MoS2 in a simulater program such as Comsol, Lumerical or Rsoft?
- How does size change affect the optical properties of NPs?
- How does size change affect the optical properties of NPs?
- On what principle magneto-optics mainly works?
- How melting point and optical properties of nanomaterials depend on the size of NPs.
- Explain briefly the detection principle in a surface-based biosensor or surface sensitive technique.
- Why intrinsic ZnO nanowire shows plasmonics with knowing that its permittivity is not negative and with 80 nm radius size the permittivity would be close to 2?
- The emission wavelength of active part of laser cavity depends upon the bandgap of material, while the allowed oscillation frequencies of passive part depends upon cavity length. How these 2 phenomena decide the actual laser
- Is there any relation between coherence and polarization as two distinct properties of light?
- Is there any difference between Surface plasmon polariton and surface plasmon resonance?
- Why few materials are optically transparent and other are not?
- In light system can we use optical decoder?
- What are organic LEDs?
- What is the physical cause of photoluminescence in a plasmonic nanocomposite?
- Is there any method by which we can probe the energy of local field around a plasmonic nanostructure?
- How do absorption spectra of the metallic nanoparticle influence the efficiency of plasmonic solar cell?
- What is the best terahertz source and how to improve it with metamaterials and plasmonic devices?
- Why near infrared region of resonance is preferred in case of cancer treatment by photo-thermal therapy?
- What is the effect of incident light polarization on plasmonic peaks of two coupled metal nanoparticles?
- When SPR based absorption in Au and Ag NP leads to excitation of electrons (plasmons), when will it result in generation of hot electrons?
- What are the different kinds of information that can be obtained from the emission spectra of a plasma, and how do you obtain that information?
- Which time-resolved spectroscopy is more representative to the population dynamics of the charge carriers, absorption or emission?
- Can aspheric reduce chromatic aberration? What is the difference between aspheric and hybrid aspheric? Please anybody explain.
- How to take care of the effects due to temperature variations in a opto-electronic device?
- How can you measure the Absolute Refractive Index of the media using a
Schlieren Optics System?
- When forward current through a silicon diode increases, the internal resistance is
- SPC is an industry wide standard for measuring and controlling the quality during the manufacturing process. What are other method that is used for same?
- What does the normalized frequency and normalized power mean in the photonic simulation output?
- How to work on correlation of scattered light from micro-particles?
- Films fabricated by using polymers as a matrix and metal oxide nanoparticles as filler exhibit RSA and SA. What could be the main basic mechanism, which is undergone by these films?
- What is the difference between "digital speckle pattern interferometry" and "digital holographic interferometry"?
- How to get or calculate the Group Velocity of the time-domain optical pulse such as a Gauss pulse in a nonlinear medium?
- Quantum Physics
- How solid is string theory?
- What is dark energy?
- What is the essence of quantum physics? What makes it so different from classical physics?
- Explain the difference between schroedinger and Heisenberg pictures.
- What are the conditions of equilibrium of rigid bodies?
- Explain instantaneous centre of zero velocity.
- The speed of light: Is it constant everywhere? Or will it vary?
- What is Hermitian operator?
- Explain Faraday�s law of electromagnetic induction
- How to derive the boundary conditions at the charge interface of two dielectric media.
- What is a quantum-mechanical wave ? what are its independent variables and how many are there?
- Can we use deep focus lenses to generate more electricity?
- Is it possible to redubs the cost of solar enrage cell.
- How to find the hkl value for a new single crystal material?
- Why there is no dispersion in white light refracted through a rectangular glass slab?
- In a compound microscope, both the objective and the eyepiece should be of small focal lengths. Why?
- Explain the theory of vibrational and rotational structure of electronic spectra.
- How rotational energy changes in molecules can be studied using Raman effect?
- How do the rotational &vibrational energy in carbon dioxide moleculelead to laser action?
- Explain the behavior of a dielectric medium in electric field.
- Explain when and how electromagnetic wave is generated?
- Explain about paramagnetism.
- What are action and angle variables? Explain how they are applied to the Kepler�s problem.
- A free particle of mass m is moving inside a sphere of radius R. Assuming that the wall of the sphere is impenetrable; How to calculate the ground-state energy of the particle.
- Discuss the term "Four vector potential".
- What is meant by resonant scattering?
- What will be the mass of A to balance whale system?
- Discuss the variation method and its application to the hydrogen molecule.
- Discuss vectors and pseudo vectors in terms of intrinsic parity.
- Explain Minkowski�s space-time diagram.
- Using variation method, estimate ground state energy for hydrogen atom.
- Compare Newtonian, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each.
- Show that two light beams polarized in perpendicular direction will not interfer.
- Why electrons and neutrons cannot be accelerated in a cyclotron?
- What type of dielectric material has an electric dipole moment when it is below a certain critical temperature even when it is not in an electric field?
- What happens when a piezoelectric material is subjected to stress?
- Explain the medical applications of solid state physics.
- What types of radiation other than X-rays are commonly used to obtain diffraction patterns?
- What are the energies needed to perform crystal diffraction with these types of radiation?
- What is speed of wave in vaccum?
- What is the advantage of a radial magnetic field in MCG?
- What is the relationship between the real and reciprocal space lattices?
- What are the advantages of Hamiltonian formalism over Lagrangianformalism?
- Does the wavelength affect the frequency of the wave?
- How can one prove that the time-averaged kinetic and potential energies for a quantum harmonic oscillator are equal?
- What is Mossbauer Effect? Explain its applications.
- Explain the classical theory of heat capacity.
- What are the advantage of Hamilton formalism over lagrangian formalism?
- Explain GMR sandwich structure.
- Explain low of mass action for extrinsic semi conduction.
- What is electroluminescence?
- Explain the Ewald construction. Discuss reciprocal lattice concept is useful in X-ray diffraction studies.
- What is inelastic neutron scattering?
- Please give me simple explanation for Schrodingers cat problem?
- What are fiber optics made off and what is the term harness in fiber optic?
- Why the hydrogen atom in the ground state does not show a first-order Stark effect?&
What is stark effect in hydrogen atom?
- Explain reducible and irreducible representation.
- What is the difference between the Heisenberg and Schrodinger pictures?
- Explain space inversion symmetry.
- What are quarks? Explain the properties of quarks.
- What is stirling approximation? Please explain
- Explain grand canonical ensemble. And also please explain the derivation for the grand canonical distribution.
- How to calculate the total number of distribution of N bosons in the system among the k-possible groups of Eigen state?
- Explain the motion of a rigid body about a fixed point. Relativity.
- Is quantum mechanics used in biology? Where exactly?
- Does the spin of electron really mean physical rotation of electron likeearth does or something else?
- Do photons of different colours have different sizes?
- If both the charges are moving with same speed and same direction in that case will Coulomb law work?
- What must one’s speed be, relative to S, in order that one’s clockwill lose 1 second per day as observer by S?
- Explain the terms mass defect and nuclear binding energy.
- All the elements found in nature are not radioactive. Why is thisproperty in heavy elements only?
- What is chain reaction? Explain controlled and uncontrolled chainreaction.
- Set up the one dimensional time independentSchrodinger wave equation.
- What are the differences between electrovalent bond and covalent bond?
- What is Ising model in statistical mechanics?
- What are creation/annihilation operators and anti-particles?
- Which type of terms in the Lagrangian lead to propagators and which to interactions?
- According to the postulates of Einstein theory, laws of physics are same in all inertial frame. What about non- inertial frames? Why they can't be same in non-inertial frame?
- What is the consequence, when the electron, when both holes are opened in thedouble gap experiment makes an interference pattern?
- How does technology rely or require Quantum Mechanics in relation to probability waves?
- What is the value of Projection operator, when acting on another projection operator?
- How do you explain solubility of silver in gold?
- Why ceramic material is usually bad conductor?
- Describe the relationship between stress and strain for a solid below its limit proportionality. Who discovered this relationship?
- What is a super cooled liquid? What will the super cooled liquid formif it is cooled even further?
- You are carrying out an X-ray diffraction experiment on a crystalthat has the face centered cubic structure. Would you expect to seediffraction from the (111)plane?
- What name is given to a semiconductor in which the valence band maximum occurs at a different value of wave vector, k, to the conduction band minimum?
- Does channeled acceleration of particles in a crystal latticetransfer momentum to the crystal lattice itself?
- How would you describe an impurity that replaces an atom at a normallattice site?
- What is the main limitation of the Free Electron Model? How does theNearly Free Electron Model differ?
- The density of materials can be determined from the number of atomsper unit cell as well as the lattice parameter. If the number of atoms perlattice point is doubled in a crystal structure with no change in latticeparameter, then what will be its density? Please explain.
- What is the difference between brake’s law and powder method?
- Explain the about gauge theory.
- Please explain cold atoms and its applications in quantum computing.
- What is difference between metallic and intermetallic compounds?
- What are strongly correlated electron systems?
- The hohenberg-kohn formulation of density-functional theory.
- The hohenberg-kohn formulation of density-functional theory. And please explain electronic ground state: bonding and characteristic structure. And please explain electron density in ground state.
- Phonons and displacive phase transitions.
- What are the possibility limitless carbon bonding to carbon and other aliments?
- What is the difference between inter metallic compounds and alloys?
- What is meant by the rest mass energy of an electron?
- Can an electron be obtained (or come out) from the nucleus?
- What is the Fission and Fusion? Can nuclear fusion be controlled?
- Why cadmium rods are provided in nuclear reactor?
- Why is heavy water used as a moderator?
- What is the history of nuclear reaction?
- What is the effect of temperature on velocity of sound in air?
- What are fermions?
- Please explain energy, pressure, and compressibility.
- How to explain that entropy is a measure of system ordering?
- What are the distinctive features of soft matter?
- What are the interparticle forces in soft matter? Please explain any one.
- What are the common types of liquid crystals?
- How to obtain the relations between the edge of the unit cell and atomic radius for the BCC and FCC lattices?
- Please derive an expression for packing fraction of a hexagonally close packed structure.
- Please explain hysteresis behavior with the help of domain theory of ferromagnetism.
- Why in refraction incident ray remain undeviated when incident angle is 0?
- How to calculate the critical angle of incidence for the interface between two optical media and how to describe the process of total internal reflection?
- How total internal reflection can be used to redirect light in prisms and trap light in fibers?
- How to calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron which has been accelerated from rest through a potential difference of 10,000V?
- In the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which two measurable properties of a particle cannot be observed precisely at the same time?
- A cinema screen is a white painted surface designed to reflect light back into our eyes. The more light that is reflected back the brighter the image will be. Why then can a mirror not be used instead?
- What is the role of large-scale quantum coherence in biology? And what are the coherent sources? What are the conditions for the sustained interference pattern?
- What is a quarter wave plate? Deduce its thickness for a given ? interms of refractive indices.
- What is population inversion? Explain why population inversion is necessary for laser action.
- Why the electrostatic potential is continuous at boundary?
- Please explain the relationship between polarization and electric field intensity.
- Which electromagnetic device uses brushes and a commutator?
- A long straight wire has a resistance of 1.2 12V battery of negligible internal resistance. How to calculate the magnetic induction at a point 20 mm perpendicular from the wire?
- Which metals are suitable to make structures in GHz and THz applications?
- The critical temperature of mercury with isotopic mass 202 is 4.2K. Calculate its critical temperature when its isotopic mass is 200.
- Please explain the application of Quantum Mechanics to Nuclear Phenomena.
- How to determine the mass defect and how to convert this mass defect into energy?
- Explain how the values of the free constants in the standard model of particle physics are chosen in nature.
- How can we reconcile large-scale quantum mechanics with gravity?
- How can according to newtons conservation of energy, antimatter and matter, when they interact, annihilate each other? Does the energy just transfer to another vessel or is the matter and antimatter truly destroyed? Is it practical to use some form of energy to compress atoms enough to make them split and expose their inner workings while keeping them trapped in an electric barrier rather than using a particle accelerator?
- What is LS and JJ coupling?
- Is it spin is quantum quantity or classical?
- What is stark effect?
- What is zeeman and paschen effect?
- How do the heat capacity of an ideal quantum gas and an ideal classical gas differ? In what temperature regime do they coincide?
- How can energy of oscillators be quantized but they can still vibrate at all frequencies?
- A long straight wire has a resistance of 1.2 oms 12V battery of negligible internal resistance. How to calculate the magnetic induction at a point 20 mm perpendicular from the wire?
- How to convert the point (1, -1, 3) in Cartesian coordinates to the appropriate values in cylindrical and spherical coordinates?
- What happens when a bacteria tumble? Is it an active or a passive process?
- How to derive the expression for the radius of gyration of an ideal chain?
- Please explain why we wouldnt expect a material with a face-centered-cubic arrangement of atoms to exhibit bonding with any ionic character.
- Many body-centered-cubic metals that are ductile at high temperature become brittle at low temperature. Why?
- What property of the surface is low-energy electron diffraction(LEED) sensitive to?
- How far can we go with macroscopic quantum phenomena?
- What is the key feature of plastic deformation?
- What are the differences between DNA and RNA from a primary structural point of view?
- What is the nature of variation of bending moment due to a concentrated load?
- What are the conditions of equilibrium of rigid bodies?
- How to define instantaneous centre of zero velocity?
- Derive the expression for the centroid of right angled triangle.
- An object has only one force acting on it. Can it be at rest? Can it have acceleration?
- An object has zero acceleration. Does this mean that no forces act on it?
- Can we describe mathematically the Heisenberg uncertainty relations? What is the meaning of ?x and ?p?
- Why do not we use the uncertainty relation on larger objects such as cars and tennis balls?
- How to write out the ground state wave function and please show how it is indeed spherically symmetric?
- Is there any electrostatic wave for electrostatic force like the gravitational waves for gravity?
- Why is the intensity of an electromagnetic wave proportional to the square of the electric field?
- How do the LASERs in LIGO realize that space has expanded as a gravitational wave passes by?
- If light waves are stretched by gravitational waves, how can we use light as a ruler to detect gravitational waves?
- Would photons riding a gravitational wave appear different to an observer?
- Why does the magnitude of the gravitational wave reach maximum peak upon merger?
- How do we know LIGO didn't detect stars but black holes?
- Will gravitational wave detectors be able to locate black hole collisions in time to view them?
- How can gravitational waves travel to us from so far without any medium?
- What's the relationship between classical gravitational waves and gravitons?
- Does gravitational wave have mass? If it doesnt have mass, is it possible for it to move faster than the speed of light?
- What is Minkowski space and how it relates to the Lorentz invariance?
- Whats the difference between a length in space versus a length in space-time?
- What makes time different from the other dimensions? How does that make the speed of light special?
- Why is the night sky dark?
- Are galaxies really moving away from us or is space just expanding?
- Is the universe expanding or is it just that our definitions of length and time are changing?
- Will the Universe expand forever or recollapse?
- Why do astronomers talk about looking back into time?
- How do we know that dark matter and dark energy exists?
- What is black hole? How does a black hole form?
- If Gravity is the weakest of the four "forces of nature" and we can observe black holes, is it possible that the other three forces of nature can result in their own variation of a black hole?
- If a particle has the rest mass energy of a planck mass or more does it mean that particle must be a black hole or collapse into a black hole?
- What does it mean to say that certain operators commute? Please give examples of operators that commute and of operators that do not commute.
- Please explain non-commuting variables and what they mean for the uncertainty principle?
- Explain the quantum harmonic oscillator and its energy spectrum.
- How total internal reflection can be used to redirect light in prisms and trap light in fibers?
- Which parameter of light does not change on refraction? Why?
- How did Paul Dirac predict the existence of an anti-electron? How and when this prediction was experimentally verified?
- What are the key reasons that higher energy accelerators are necessary in particle physics?
- Under what circumstances is acceptable to ignore a particles rest mass?
- What types of fundamental particles are among the most weakly interacting? What types of experiments are being done to detect these particles?
- How large is the current cost estimate of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider)?
- What are some characteristics that distinguish the leptons from other kinds of fermions?
- Can all the forces between particles be understood in a unified framework?
- Can the electron spin reverse? What implications would this bring in terms of defining matter?
- What do the properties of particles reveal about the nature and origin of matter and the properties of space and time?
- Do fundamental particles have any internal structure?
- Can we determine the mass of top and bottom quark? How?
- What are the conditions a wave function must satisfy in order to solve the Schrdinger equation?
- What does it mean to say that a quantity is determined only up to some uncertainty?
- How does one know whether it is possible to have complete simultaneous knowledge of two specific properties of a system, say A B? What do we mean when we say two specific properties of a system cannot be measured or specified precisely simultaneously?
- Can you describe mathematically the Heisenberg uncertainty relations? What is the meaning of ?x and ?p?
- Uncertainty principle is mostly applied to very small objects such as electrons and photons. Why do not we use the uncertainty relation on larger objects such as cars and tennis balls?
- Can a quantum simulator provide solutions to physics or computation problems that cannot be tackled using conventional computers?
- Explain about electron microscopic technique to observe imperfection.
- Why the Hall Effect sometimes comes out with the incorrect sign, as if the charge carrier were positive rather than negative (the sign of charge of electrons)?
- What are the major components of the detector in a high-energy particle collision experiment (like D0 and CDF at Fermilab)? What are the functions of those components?
- What is the effect of the magnetic field in the detectors used for a collision experiment? How do we detect particles that are not influenced by magnetic fields?
- What is the origin of the hierarchy of fermion masses?
- Can all the forces between particles be understood in a unified framework?
- What do the properties of particles reveal about the nature and origin of matter and the properties of space and time?
- Find an expression for the work done by an ideal gas in its adiabatic expansion.
- A furnace is at temperature T. The maximum of the radiation intensity emitted by it occurs at wavelength lm. Temperature of the furnace is raised to 2T. At what wavelength will now the maximum occur, and by what factor will the maximum height increase or decrease?
- When will the centroid and centre of mass coincides?
- What is general plane motion?
- How to obtain the vibrational spectrum of a linear diatomic lattice and please show that the spectrum consists of two branches?
- What are ferroelectric domains?
- How do the heat capacity of an ideal quantum gas and an ideal classical gas differs? In what temperature regime do they coincide?
- How to obtain an expression of specific heat capacity of a solid using Debye model?
- What are the basic equations of the p-p chain that provides the Suns nuclear power?
- How do we detect a nutrino?
- Could you explain, in classical mechanics a moving body with constant speed has no force?
- Is it possible to form two separated sources of neutrons inside a reactor?
- Is there a constant between charge and mass that applies for all matter?
- Is it possible to find a temperature in the universe lower than the cosmic background?
- According to electroweak theory, the electroweak coupling constant will increase when the temperature is higher. Does it have an upper limit? And what will happen when it is reached?
- Relativity
- what are inertial and non inertial frames?
- Explain about Einstein�s mass energy relation.
- What is theory of relativity?
- In atom e moves in orbital motion. Can it be considered as relativity?
- What are elementary particles?& Explain the term Quantum chromodynamics? And Explain the about gauge theory?
- What are Feynman diagram? And What is virtual particle and how it is related with the perturbation theory?
- How quantum gravity is different from Newton’s gravity theory?
- How string theory solve problems related with the black hole?
- How time change in black hole system?
- How E=mc^2 is related with black hole?
- How big a black hole can get?
- What are connection between Theory of everything (TOE) and grandunified theory (GUT), how they are related or different? And How string theory solve problems related with the black hole?
- How many new physical scales exist between the electroweak scale and that of inflation?
- How do the particles and fields of these new energy scales influencethe genesis, formation
and destruction of cosmic structures?
- How to derive the two Friedmann-Lemaître equations from a Lagrangian?
- Which physical quantity or phenomena do we believe CANNOT be quantitatively derived and explained using solely a “Principle of divinity”?
- Why is CMB not considered as the edge of the universe?
- How do applications of the Borde-Guth-Vilenkin(BGV) Theorem take account of contraction preceding expansion?
- How to relate data of a large 3 dimensional galaxy to test whether homogeneity is supported by the data and to determine what
the homogeneity scale?
- How come the flatness problem still a problem while there is an era of cosmic acceleration?
- If the inflationary hypothesis is generally correct, did inflation occur in such a way that the universe we now observe is only one of countless bubble universes that could have arisen out of the same process?
- What is the true cause of the accelerating expansion we seem to observe now, and is it likely to continue indefinitely into the future?
- How we can show the nature is expanding?
- Is it true nutrino and antineutrino are faster than light?
- What is Chandrasekhar limit?
- Earth is rotating around sun to balance the gravitational force, but why it is spinning about itself. Who is forcing to spin?
- What is god particle?
- What is its necessity to explain the origin of universe?
- What is grand unification theory?
- Are the laws of physics, in particular the fundamental constants truly the same everywhere and at every time in the observable universe, or do they vary in some light but predictable way?
- What is string theory and how it works?
- What is DFT?
- According to special relativity, if we continue to push a ball by applying a constant force at some point we can hardly increase the velocity, yet we continue to do work on the ball. Where does this extra energy go?
- How to derive general field relation for time varying electric and magnetic fields using Maxwells equations?
- Is the conserved current probability or charge in Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations?
- Why doesn’t renormalization with a Planck-scale cutoff work for quantum gravity?
- If a particle has the rest mass energy of a Planck mass or more does it mean that particle must be a black hole or collapse into a black hole?
- How were the heavy elements from iron to uranium made?
- Why are the anthropometric units as large as they are relative to their corresponding Planck units?
- How do we know the age of the universe? Isn’t it possible that there exists light that’s so far away, that it hasn’t gotten here yet?
- Can quartic oscillator’s energy eigen value, i.e. 0-dim ϕ4 theory, be solved exactly?
- What is the general formula for the area of a 2-D surface in a 3-D manifold?
- What is the physical meaning of the components of the affine connection in general relativity?
- Can curvature in space by itself crack diamonds?
- I assume that our solar system is travelling massively fast compared to some of the other stars that we can see in the sky (maybe even a fair proportion of the speed of light), so are we experiencing time dilation with regard to them?
- Does quantum foam (virtual particles), with the sum of all these virtual particles popping into existence, may exert some gravity background?
- What are the gravitational consequences of universe-scale space-time curvature?
- How can a cosmological constant be a candidate for dark energy if the universe is flat?
- How can a cosmological constant be a candidate for dark energy if the universe is flat?
- If the universe is only 14 billion years old, how can we see objects that are now 47 billion light years away?
- Wouldn't the Big Bang theory be considered a hypothesis and not a theory? Sir, Im still confused why information can't travel faster than the speed of light (please explain it in terms of inflation).
- If gravity is the weakest of the four "forces of nature" and we can observe black holes, is it plausible that the other three forces of nature can result in their own variation of a black hole?
- How CERN's experiment (LHCb) could shake up the standard model of particle physics? Are there any gaps in the Standard Model?
- Would it be necessary to impose angular momentum quantization for the orbits of satellites around earth? What would be the radial distance between successive orbits?
- How the air and earth elements have been seen in several cosmologies? Does this contradict Indian teachings?
- What is the redshift? Are quasars really at the large distances indicated by their redshifts?
- What is dark matter? How do you know that dark matter exists? How do you know that dark energy exists?
- What is the shape of the universe? Is it a hollow sphere? The balloon analogy seems to suggest it is, but it cant be that simple? Sir please explain.
- Will the Large Hadron Collider "explode" if the power is turned up too high?
- Why are neutrinos important for our sun and the evolution of the universe?
- How can we determine the structure of a crystal?
- What are the energies needed to perform crystal diffraction with these types of radiation?
- What are some common properties and applications of ceramic materials?
- Does the existence of domains reduce or increase the overall magnetic energy of a ferromagnetic?
- Why is the mass of an electron moving in a semiconductor said to be an "effective"?
- Particle A has a longer mean free path than particle B. Which particle is most likely to make it from one side of a solid to the other?
- In what capacity do we expect low-dimensional theories to make numerical predictions of actual phenomena?
- The Hubble constant H0 is the current universe velocity/distance ratio, it is basically aconstant, so galaxies in the universe with a further distance, move away from each other at a faster speed. So the universe is accelerating expending. Is this statement correct?
- Rotation curve suggests that the circular velocity of galaxies are thesame for any large value of distance r, doesnt that meanvelocity/distance H0 is not constant.
- What is a blackbody radiator? A star is not a perfect blackbody, but the blackbody radiation theory can still be applied to it. What assumptions can we made here?
- How could Wiens Displacement Law be used to measure the temperature of the sun?
- What is the ratio of intensities for two stars with a magnitude difference of 3.5 mag?
- What can compact objects teach us? Black holes and neutron stars, extreme physics in small packages.
- Do neutron stars have enough magnetic pull to move or affect other stars?
- What are some of the challenges for the current theories and semi-analytic models of galaxy formation and evolution? What do we think is the most important observational program to undertake that would help us understand how galaxies evolved to be what they are today?
- If the universe is potentially infinite, can we safely say that other intelligent life exists somewhere within it?
- What is a parallel universe, and could there potentially be ones that contain doppelgangers of everyone on earth?
- How did the observed metals get to be so uniform in low density, cool, high filling factor gas?
- How do we fit into the cosmos?
- Up to what energy do we expect protons to be accelerated in the LHC?
- What does PM mean in the framework of particle detection?
- How fast should a particle travel to emit cerenkov light?
- What are some characteristics that distinguish the leptons from other kinds of fermions?
- Please explain the 7 major conservation laws used in particle physics. How do these laws explain the types of particle reactions that may or may not occur?
- How does the Standard Model explain the interaction that we usually call the electromagnetic force?
- How does the model explain the weak interaction? What does the Standard Model have to say about gravity?
- What must a particle contain in order to 'feel' the strong interaction?
- What is meant by relativistic mass? What is meant by rest mass? What did Einstein say about the concept of variable mass?
- What is the primary relationship between energy, momentum and mass? What are the units of energy commonly used in particle physics? How are these units related to the units of momentum and mass?
- How are these units related to the units of momentum and mass?
- Since a photon has 0 rest mass, how can it have non-zero momentum? What relationship defines the energy of a photon?
- What contribution did Max Planck make to the development of quantum mechanics?
- What role does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle play in particle physics?
- What role did Niels Bohr play in Quantum Mechanics?
- In what ways does light exhibit particle behaviour? In what ways does light exhibit wavelike behaviour? What are the key historic experiments that demonstrate the wave particle duality of light?
- Two effects in a circular accelerator that cause a particle to accelerate.
- What is the effect of the magnetic field in the detectors used for a collision experiment? How do we detect particles that are not influenced by magnetic fields?
- How does the standard model explain the interaction that we usually call the electromagnetic force?
- How to derive Snell’s law from Fermat’s principle, why do we differentiate only with respect to x?
- Why haven't the CMBR photons outrun the galaxies in the Big Bang?
- How can the Universe be infinite if it was all concentrated into a point at the Big Bang?
- How do we know that super clusters are the largest structures in the universe?
- How will a change in the speed of light affect the evolution of the universe?
- What is difference between Lagranges and Hamiltonian formulation?
- Can we use an infinite line of reflectors to send light to the edge of the universe?
- Sir, is it true that the MichioKaku has completed a unified fieldtheory started by Einstein by making use of string theory?
- What are red-shifts and do they really support the big bang evolutionary idea for the origin of the Universe?
- Does the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation prove the big bang?
- Does Dark Energy or Dark Matter make up a bigger percentage of the universe?
- If we could withstand the temperature of Sun then could we actually stand on it? Does it have a solid surface or not?
- Can the Sun's magnetic field induce electrical currents on other celestial objects?
- What do the Bessel & Brett, Buser and Kurucz and Cousins filters evolution with time tell us?
- Is there a relationship between a stellar-mass black hole and its host galaxy?
- Where did cosmic rays and intergalactic particle accelerators come from?
- What do you understand by the principle of falsifiability?
- Explain about method of retroduction (Norwood Russell Hanson).
- What are the differences between apparent and absolute magnitude of star? The apparent magnitudes of Alpha centauri and Betelgeuse are -0.10 and +0.80 respectively. How to compare the brightness of these stars?
- What is Olber's paradox?
- What are the nuclear chain reactions involved in CNO cycle?
- What is meant by geocentric and heliocentric theory of the revolution?
- If nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, then how can the universe have expanded by "inflation" to billions of light years across in the first tiny fraction of a second?
- I am religious and I also find science very exciting. Is there a conflict between science and religion?
- What kind of material does the Big Bang theory say the universe is made of?
- What are the constituent particles of the neutron and the proton? How the characteristics of the neutron and proton are determined by their constituent particles?
- What contribution did Max Planck make to the development of quantum mechanics? How did Einstein extend Plancks break through, in a manner sufficient to merit the Nobel Prize?
- What were the prospects of finding the Higgs Boson ten years after its proposal?
- What is the origin of the matter-antimatter asymmetry?
- What is the origin of the hierarchy of fermion masses?
- Do forces unify? Is the proton (ordinary matter) stable?
- Does the negative mass of antimatter mean that it's gravitationally repelled from stars?
- How can we tell a black hole made out of antimatter from a black hole made out of matter?
- Why did people believe the earth is the center of the solar system when it's obvious the sun is?
- Will the night sky eventually end up completely black because the universe is expanding?
- Why does everything in our galaxy orbit the super massive black hole at the center?
- What is the strongest magnetic field possible? Is there a limit?
- Why does the moon's gravity cause tides on earth but the sun's gravity doesn't?
- How can a black hole's own gravity, but not light, escape from it?
- What is the mysterious dark energy pulling the universe apart?
- What is Hubbles constant? How to state significance of Hubbles constant in astronomy?
- How is rotational period of a star obtained from its spectra?
- What are sun spots?
- What are advantages of radio telescopes over optical telescopes?
- What is Nebula?
- Is there any practical way for us to generate gravity waves that could be detected by a device such as this? So that we could build a gravity radio or laser?
- What is the speed of a gravitational wave? Does it have mass? If it doesnt have mass, is it possible for it to move faster than the speed of light?
- How does matter in neutron stars behave?
- What is the cause of gamma-ray bursts?
- Using this new sense to listen to the cosmos, what are some big a reason which scientists are focusing to find out more about the universe?
- What are the differences and similarities between Wheelers it from bit and holographic principle?
- Is the modern approach to cosmology fundamentally flawed?
- How can the red shift due to Hubble flow be consistent with the law of conservation of energy?
- Is the universe expansion rate constant in space at any given time, including at quantum scales?
- Is the particle number of electrons well defined in Wens string-net theory of elementary particles?
- What is virtual particle and how it is related with the perturbation theory?
- Can a particle in free fall into a black hole escape?
- Please explain under which physical conditions sound waves and shocks are generated.
- When a star undergo collapse in a binary system what effect it has on its companion star?
- Why does the Drake equation never account for the abundance of the elements in the universe?
- Why doesnt the solar system expand if the whole universe is expanding?
- We all Know earth is circular.But still, why many people
believe earth is flat and there is a place in canada where people say it as a last island of the flat earth?
- What is the main drawback of Galilean transformation and how it was over come in Lorentz transformation?
- Explain important feature about length contraction and time dilation.
- What is need of four dimensions in relativity?
- Does relative simultaneity in STR imply alternate temporal realities or just a clock synchronisation effect in one reality?
- Is it possible to explain special relativity and faster than light concept using a single theory?
- Is there a convincing relationship between mathematics and quantum information theory?
- How to calculate the lowest order Born cross section for an electron
scattering from the three-dimensional potential: V(r)=Ae-Kr.
- Why does earth move in the third orbit and not in any other orbit, Like in the orbit of mercury or Jupiter?
- Are all the elements created at the centre of the stars?
